The aims of this review are to: (a) describe and interpret structures in valley glaciers in relation to strain history; and (b) to explore how these structures inform our understanding of the kinematics of large ice masses, and a wide range of other aspects of glaciology. Structures in glaciers give insight as to how ice deforms at the macroscopic and larger scale. Structures also provide information concerning the deformation history of ice masses over centuries and millennia. From a geological perspective, glaciers can be considered to be models of rock deformation, but with rates of change that are measurable on a human time-scale. However, structural assemblages in glaciers are commonly complex, and unraveling them to determine the deformation history is challenging; it thus requires the approach of the structural geologist. A wide range of structures are present in valley glaciers: (a) primary structures include sedimentary stratification and various veins; (b) secondary structures that are the result of brittle and ductile deformation include crevasses, faults, crevasse traces, foliation, folds, and boudinage structures. Some of these structures, notably crevasses, relate well to measured strain-rates, but to explain ductile structures analysis of cumulative strain is required. Some structures occur in all glaciers irrespective of size, and they are therefore recognizable in ice streams and ice shelves. Structural approaches have wide (but as yet under-developed potential) application to other sub-disciplines of glaciology, notably glacier hydrology, debris entrainment and transfer, landform development, microbiological investigations, and in the interpretation of glacier-like features on Mars.

中文翻译：

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冰川和冰盖的结构和变形

本综述的目的是： (a) 描述和解释与应变历史相关的山谷冰川结构；(b) 探索这些结构如何帮助我们了解大冰块的运动学以及冰川学的其他广泛方面。冰川中的结构提供了关于冰如何在宏观和更大尺度上变形的洞察力。结构还提供了关于冰块数百年和数千年变形历史的信息。从地质角度来看，冰川可以被认为是岩石变形的模型，但其变化率可以在人类时间尺度上进行测量。然而，冰川中的结构组合通常很复杂，解开它们以确定变形历史具有挑战性。因此，它需要构造地质学家的方法。河谷冰川存在多种构造：(a) 原生构造包括沉积层理和各种脉；(b) 由脆性和延性变形引起的二级结构包括裂缝、断层、裂缝痕迹、叶理、褶皱和布丁结构。其中一些结构，特别是裂缝，与测量的应变率相关，但需要对累积应变进行韧性结构分析来解释。无论大小，所有冰川中都会出现一些结构，因此可以在冰流和冰架中识别它们。结构方法在冰川学的其他分支学科中具有广泛的（但尚未开发的潜力）应用，特别是冰川水文学、碎片夹带和转移、地貌开发、微生物调查、