Heuristics are fast, frugal, and accurate strategies that enable rather than limit decision making under uncertainty. Uncertainty, as opposed to calculable risk, is characteristic of most organizational contexts. We review existing research and offer a descriptive and prescriptive theoretical framework to integrate the current patchwork of heuristics scattered across various areas of organizational studies. Research on the adaptive toolbox is descriptive, identifying the repertoire of heuristics on which individuals, teams, and organizations rely. Research on ecological rationality is prescriptive, specifying the conditions under which a given heuristic performs well, that is, when it is smart. Our review finds a relatively small but rapidly developing field. We identify promising future research directions, including research on how culture shapes the use of heuristics and how heuristics shape organizational culture. We also outline an educational program for managers and leaders that follows the general approach of “Don't avoid heuristics—learn how to use them.”

中文翻译：

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适用于个人、团队和组织的智能启发法


启发式是快速、节俭且准确的策略，可以在不确定的情况下促进而不是限制决策。与可计算的风险相反，不确定性是大多数组织环境的特征。我们回顾了现有的研究，并提供了一个描述性和规范性的理论框架，以整合当前分散在组织研究各个领域的启发法。对自适应工具箱的研究是描述性的，确定了个人、团队和组织所依赖的启发式方法。生态理性的研究是规范性的，指定了给定启发式表现良好的条件，即何时它是聪明的。我们的审查发现了一个相对较小但发展迅速的领域。我们确定了有前途的未来研究方向，包括关于文化如何塑造启发式方法的使用以及启发式方法如何塑造组织文化的研究。我们还为管理者和领导者概述了一个教育计划，该计划遵循“不要避免启发法——学习如何使用它们”的一般方法。