Purpose of the Review

The Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is a symbolic tree in the Brazilian Amazonian. In a broad sense, it plays a crucial role in its social, economic, and environmental importance. This species contributes on a large scale to the equilibrium of the biological processes related to the biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon biome, and its nuts sustain a multi-million-dollar extractive economy, which supports small farmers and traditional populations. Brazil nut is also becoming one of the most important species in silviculture and is increasingly used in agroforestry systems and the recovery of degraded areas. In this review, we deepened our understanding of the growth performance of the Brazil nut tree and its ecophysiological traits, both in native trees and commercial forest plantations. Based on the literature for this species, we discuss the concepts of plasticity and other functional traits that may help to increase Brazil nut plantation and conservation, which in turn will increase nut production, forest sustainability, and social welfare.

Recent Findings

The Brazil nut tree is a dominant species and is found throughout the Amazon region. Due to its ecophysiological traits, it can be cultivated as a commercial monoculture, in the enrichment of forest plantations, used in the recovery of degraded areas and the implementation of agroforestry systems. Recent evidence suggests that their dominance of natural forests and their high functional performance under cultivated conditions may be associated with their physiological plasticity and tolerance to abiotic stresses.

Summary

Aspects related to phenotypic variation, genetic diversity, population characteristics, cultivation, and ecophysiological performance of Bertholletia excelsa are revised and linked to growth and nut production. We demonstrate that Brazil nut exhibits phenotypical plasticity in response to light, water, and nutrient availability. This trait can be explored for improvements in nut production in native trees and agroforestry plantations. In both cases, the availability of these resources influences population structure, tree growth, and fruit production. These results reinforce the importance of the use of Brazil nut tree as an attractive alternative for improving programs that involve the recovery of degraded areas in the continental Amazon. Lastly, the ecophysiological performance of the Brazil nut tree suggests its resilience to environmental change.

中文翻译：

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巴西坚果树生态生理学进展：将非生物因素与树木生长和果实生产联系起来

审查目的

巴西坚果树 ( Bertholletia excelsa) 是巴西亚马逊河流域的象征树。从广义上讲，它在其社会、经济和环境重要性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。该物种在很大程度上有助于亚马逊生物群落中与生物地球化学循环相关的生物过程的平衡，其坚果维持着数百万美元的采掘经济，支持小农和传统人口。巴西坚果也正在成为造林中最重要的物种之一，并越来越多地用于农林业系统和退化地区的恢复。在这篇综述中，我们加深了对巴西坚果树的生长性能及其生态生理特征的理解，包括原生树木和商业林。根据该物种的文献，

最近的发现

巴西坚果树是一种优势树种，遍布亚马逊地区。由于其生态生理特性，它可以作为商业单一栽培栽培，用于森林种植园的富集，用于退化地区的恢复和农林业系统的实施。最近的证据表明，它们在天然林中的主导地位及其在栽培条件下的高功能性能可能与其生理可塑性和对非生物胁迫的耐受性有关。

概括

Bertholletia excelsa的表型变异、遗传多样性、种群特征、栽培和生态生理性能相关方面已修改并与生长和坚果生产相关联。我们证明巴西坚果对光、水和养分的可用性表现出表型可塑性。可以探索这一特性以改善本地树木和农林业种植园的坚果产量。在这两种情况下，这些资源的可用性都会影响人口结构、树木生长和水果产量。这些结果强调了使用巴西坚果树作为改善涉及亚马逊大陆退化地区恢复计划的有吸引力的替代方案的重要性。最后，巴西坚果树的生态生理性能表明其对环境变化的适应能力。