Purpose of Review

Forests provide multiple ecosystem services (ES) to society, and the demand for ES is growing at the global level. However, how to manage forests for the provision of multiple and sometimes conflicting services is a complex and still unresolved issue. In this study, we reviewed the scientific literature for the period 2010–2020 dealing with forest management and multiple ES in Mediterranean forests, with the aim of (1) outlining the progress in research, (2) identifying knowledge gaps and research needs, and (3) discussing management approaches considering multiple ES. The selected literature was analyzed considering different aspects of multiple ES (e.g., drivers of changes, modeling approaches, trade-offs, and synergies).

Recent Findings

Our results show that wood production is still one of the main management objectives, with an increasing attention toward non wood forest products. Carbon sequestration and biodiversity were the most investigated regulating functions, but also specific aspects are gaining attention (e.g., lichens for microclimate regulation). Changes in stand structure and density, the impact of coppice vs. high forest, and the effect of management practices vs. abandonment were considered as drivers of change at the stand/management unit scale, while the impact of climate changes and disturbances were considered at the landscape/regional scale using modeling.

Summary

Despite the progress made in the last decade, our review highlights that further research is needed to fill the gaps in the scientific literature regarding how forest management influences the provision of multiple ES in the Mediterranean region. From a conceptual point of view, there is the need for a shift to a new paradigm based on an adaptable, flexible management, and planning approach to sustain self-organization, adaptive capacity, and overall resilience of Mediterranean forests, overcoming the ecosystem “service” approach; operatively, research should move toward a transdisciplinary approach, which considers problems from a diversity of points of view and involves extended peer communities not only in the dissemination of research results, but also in the research process itself.

中文翻译：

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为多种生态系统服务管理地中海森林：研究进展和知识差距

审查目的

森林为社会提供多种生态系统服务（ES），全球对生态系统服务的需求正在增长。然而，如何管理森林以提供多种有时相互冲突的服务是一个复杂且仍未解决的问题。在这项研究中，我们回顾了 2010-2020 年期间有关地中海森林管理和多重 ES 的科学文献，目的是 (1) 概述研究进展，(2) 确定知识差距和研究需求，以及(3) 讨论考虑多重ES的管理方法。对选定的文献进行了分析，考虑了多个 ES 的不同方面（例如，变化的驱动因素、建模方法、权衡取舍和协同作用）。

最近的发现

我们的研究结果表明，木材生产仍然是主要的经营目标之一，对非木材林产品的关注度越来越高。碳封存和生物多样性是研究最多的调节功能，但特定方面也受到关注（例如，用于微气候调节的地衣）。林分结构和密度的变化、矮林与高林的影响、管理实践与废弃的影响被认为是林分/管理单位规模变化的驱动因素，而气候变化和干扰的影响被认为是使用建模的景观/区域尺度。

概括

尽管在过去十年中取得了进展，但我们的评论强调，需要进一步研究来填补科学文献中关于森林管理如何影响地中海地区提供多种 ES 的空白。从概念的角度来看，需要转向基于适应性强、灵活管理和规划方法的新范式，以维持地中海森林的自我组织、适应能力和整体复原力，克服生态系统“服务”问题“ 方法; 在操作上，研究应该转向跨学科方法，从不同的角度考虑问题，并让扩展的同行社区不仅参与研究成果的传播，而且还参与研究过程本身。