A basic survival need is the ability to respond to, and persevere in the midst of, experiential challenges. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity permit this responsivity via functional adaptations (flexibility), as well as more substantial structural modifications following chronic stress or injury. This review focuses on prefrontally based flexibility, expressed throughout large-scale neuronal networks through the actions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. With substance use disorders and stress-related internalizing disorders as exemplars, we review human behavioral and neuroimaging data, considering whether executive control, particularly cognitive flexibility, is impaired premorbidly, enduringly compromised with illness progression, or both. We conclude that deviations in control processes are consistently expressed in the context of active illness but operate through different mechanisms and with distinct longitudinal patterns in externalizing versus internalizing conditions.

中文翻译：

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神经可塑性、前额皮质和认知控制中与精神病理学相关的偏差


基本的生存需求是应对经验挑战并坚持不懈的能力。神经可塑性机制通过功能适应（灵活性）以及慢性压力或损伤后更实质性的结构改变来允许这种反应。本综述重点关注基于前额叶的灵活性，通过兴奋性和抑制性神经递质和神经调节剂的作用在整个大规模神经元网络中表达。以物质使用障碍和与压力相关的内化障碍为例，我们回顾了人类行为和神经影像数据，考虑执行控制，特别是认知灵活性是否在病前受损，随着疾病进展而持久受损，或两者兼而有之。我们得出的结论是，控制过程的偏差在活动性疾病的背景下始终表现出来，但通过不同的机制发挥作用，并且在外化与内化条件下具有不同的纵向模式。