Purpose of Review

The Araucariaceae is a family of ancient conifers containing iconic tree species from diverse parts of the world. Thirty-eight extant species are present in three genera. Extensive reduction of natural populations has occurred for many species of Araucariaceae, largely due to anthropogenic disturbances. This has occurred to the extent where most species are classified at some level of extinction risk. In recent decades, several diseases have emerged on trees in the family, which has highlighted a general lack of knowledge regarding the factors impacting the health of Araucariaceae. We addressed this by compiling all available literature regarding pathogens and diseases of the Araucariaceae. Insights are given into how globalization and climate change may have, and will potentially, play a role in the emergence of current and future disease threats. These threats are considered from both an ecological and economic perspective.

Recent Findings

A total of 227 disease reports were found for the family (58 for Agathis, 161 for Araucaria and eight for Wollemia), of which 88% related to only eight tree species. Consequently, there was a considerable number of species in the Araucariaceae for which no disease reports were found. The most prevalent pathogens reported were species of Phytophthora, root rotting basidiomycetes such as Phellinus or Armillaria, and pathogens within the Botryosphaeriaceae. However, only 25% of the pathogens found have had their pathogenicity confirmed through tests, and only 22% have had their identity confirmed through DNA sequencing, making evident the limited amount of research carried out on this topic.

Summary

There is a general lack of baseline information on diseases for trees in the Araucariaceae. The effects that pathogens have had, and may have in the future, in this iconic family of trees are concerning as most of the species have been declared at some level of risk of preservation. Both globalization and climate change have indicated the potential effects they can have, and how unpredictable they can be. This lack of a solid baseline understanding may become an important constraint on attempts to preserve these species, and thus, it is evident that research efforts on these topics are much needed.

中文翻译：

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南洋杉科的病原体：我们知道多少？

审查目的

南洋杉科是一个古老的针叶树科，其中包含来自世界各地的标志性树种。38 个现存物种存在于三个属中。南洋杉科的许多物种的自然种群大量减少，主要是由于人为干扰。在大多数物种被归类为某种程度的灭绝风险的情况下，这种情况已经发生。近几十年来，该家族的树木上出现了几种疾病，这凸显了人们普遍缺乏对影响南洋杉科健康的因素的认识。我们通过汇编所有关于南洋杉科病原体和疾病的可用文献来解决这个问题。深入了解全球化和气候变化如何可能并可能在当前和未来疾病威胁的出现中发挥作用。

最近的发现

共发现该科的 227 份疾病报告（Agathis 58 份， Araucaria 161份， Wollemia 8份），其中 88% 仅与 8 种树种有关。因此，南洋杉科中有相当数量的物种没有发现疾病报告。报告的最普遍的病原体是疫霉属、根腐担子菌，如桑黄或蜜环菌。和葡萄球菌科内的病原体。然而，在所发现的病原体中，只有 25% 的病原体通过测试确认了其致病性，只有 22% 的病原体通过 DNA 测序确认了其身份，这表明对该主题开展的研究数量有限。

概括

普遍缺乏有关南洋杉科树木疾病的基线信息。病原体在这个标志性的树木家族中已经产生并可能在未来产生的影响令人担忧，因为大多数物种已被宣布具有一定程度的保存风险。全球化和气候变化都表明了它们可能产生的潜在影响，以及它们的不可预测性。缺乏坚实的基线理解可能成为保护这些物种的重要限制因素，因此，很明显，非常需要对这些主题进行研究。