Using novel data, we provide the first panoramic view of U.S. Black movement protest events as reported in U.S. newswires between 1994 and 2010 and put our quantitative data into dialogue with qualitative accounts. Struggles during these years presaged the Black Lives protest waves of 2014 to 2016 and 2020. Protests increased after the 1995 Million Man March into 2001 but dropped abruptly after the 9/11 attacks. Collective action increased again at the end of the 2000s. Protests in response to police violence and other criminal-legal issues were major arenas of struggle and news coverage. Also common were issues of national identity including celebrations of Black history and Black solidarity, protests about Confederate symbols, and protests about White hate groups and hate crimes. Although Black people protested about a wide variety of issues, newswires focused disproportionately on incidents of police violence and perceived threats of Black violence. There is substantial continuity in issues, organizations, and activism between this earlier period and the Black Lives Movement of 2014 to 2020.

中文翻译：

---

1994 年至 2010 年美国的黑人抗议活动

使用新颖的数据，我们提供了 1994 年至 2010 年间美国新闻专线报道的美国黑人运动抗议事件的第一个全景图，并将我们的定量数据与定性帐户进行对话。这些年的斗争预示着 2014 年至 2016 年和 2020 年的黑人生活抗议浪潮。在 19.95 亿人游行到 2001 年之后，抗议活动有所增加，但在 9/11 袭击之后突然下降。集体行动在 2000 年代末再次增加。针对警察暴力和其他刑事法律问题的抗议活动是斗争和新闻报道的主要舞台。国家认同问题也很常见，包括庆祝黑人历史和黑人团结、对同盟标志的抗议以及对白人仇恨团体和仇恨犯罪的抗议。尽管黑人抗议各种各样的问题，新闻专线不成比例地关注警察暴力事件和感知到的黑人暴力威胁。在这个早期阶段和 2014 年至 2020 年的黑人生活运动之间，问题、组织和行动主义有很大的连续性。