Innovation in public services is propelled by collaborations between public actors, private actors and service users. A substantial literature has centered on the benefits of user involvement in public services, but how user involvement can stimulate collaborative innovation is still largely unknown. This article develops and tests a theoretical framework based on the combined effect of 1) the empowerment of users, 2) specialized knowledge of the users, and 3) the absence of hindering rules and procedures. Data from 19 public-private eHealth collaborations in five European countries, collected through 132 interviews and 124 surveys, are analyzed through fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), and the results indicate that innovation in these partnerships is influenced by the combined effect of these conditions, but that this combined effect is also contingent on the roles the users adopt in the innovation process.

中文翻译：

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用户参与是协作式公共服务创新的催化剂

公共服务创新是由公共行为者、私人行为者和服务用户之间的合作推动的。大量文献集中在用户参与公共服务的好处上，但用户参与如何刺激协作创新在很大程度上仍是未知数。本文基于 1) 用户的授权、2) 用户的专业知识和 3) 没有阻碍性的规则和程序，开发并测试了一个理论框架。通过 132 次访谈和 124 次调查收集的来自 5 个欧洲国家的 19 个公私电子卫生合作的数据，通过模糊集定性比较分析 (QCA) 进行分析，结果表明这些合作伙伴关系的创新受到以下综合效应的影响这些条件，