Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm water—have intensified and become more frequent over the past century, impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems globally. We review and synthesize current understanding of MHW impacts at the individual, population, and community levels. We then examine how these impacts affect broader ecosystem services and discuss the current state of research on biological impacts of MHWs. Finally, we explore current and emergent approaches to predicting the occurrence andimpacts of future events, along with adaptation and management approaches. With further increases in intensity and frequency projected for coming decades, MHWs are emerging as pervasive stressors to marine ecosystems globally. A deeper mechanistic understanding of their biological impacts is needed to better predict and adapt to increased MHW activity in the Anthropocene.

中文翻译：

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海洋热浪的生物影响


在全球变暖的背景下，极端气候变得越来越普遍。在海洋中，海洋热浪（MHW）——不连续的异常温暖海水时期——在过去的一个世纪中加剧且变得更加频繁，影响了全球海洋生态系统的完整性。我们回顾并综合了当前对个人、人口和社区层面 MHW 影响的理解。然后，我们研究这些影响如何影响更广泛的生态系统服务，并讨论 MHW 生物影响的研究现状。最后，我们探索当前和新兴的方法来预测未来事件的发生和影响，以及适应和管理方法。随着未来几十年强度和频率的进一步增加，MHW 正在成为全球海洋生态系统的普遍压力源。需要对其生物影响有更深入的机制了解，才能更好地预测和适应人类世中 MHW 活动的增加。