The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity.

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多巴胺、免疫力和疾病

神经递质多巴胺是中枢神经系统 (CNS) 功能的关键因素，调节许多过程，包括奖赏、运动和认知。多巴胺还调节周围器官的关键功能，例如血压、肾脏活动和肠蠕动。除了这些功能之外，越来越多的证据表明多巴胺是一种重要的免疫调节因子。大多数类型的免疫细胞表达多巴胺受体和其他多巴胺能蛋白，许多免疫细胞吸收、产生、储存和/或释放多巴胺，表明多巴胺能免疫调节对免疫功能很重要。针对这些途径可能是治疗炎症和疾病的有前途的途径，但尽管该领域的研究越来越多，关于多巴胺对许多免疫细胞和疾病过程的具体影响的数据仍然不一致且知之甚少。因此，这篇综述整合了目前关于多巴胺在免疫细胞功能和跨系统炎症信号传导中的作用的知识。我们还讨论了目前对中枢神经系统和周围组织中免疫信号的多巴胺能调节的理解，强调了多巴胺能免疫调节在帕金森病、几种神经精神疾病、神经性人类免疫缺陷病毒、炎症性肠病、类风湿性关节炎等疾病中的作用. 仔细考虑了实验设计对结果的影响，我们注意到一些需要进一步研究的领域。全面的，