Landscapes receive water from precipitation and then transport, store, mix, and release it, both downward to streams and upward to vegetation. How they do this shapes floods, droughts, biogeochemical cycles, contaminant transport, and the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Because many of the key processes occur invisibly in the subsurface, our conceptualization of them has often relied heavily on physical intuition. In recent decades, however, much of this intuition has been overthrown by field observations and emerging measurement methods, particularly involving isotopic tracers. Here we summarize key surprises that have transformed our understanding of hydrological processes at the scale of hillslopes and drainage basins. These surprises have forced a shift in perspective from process conceptualizations that are relatively static, homogeneous, linear, and stationary to ones that are predominantly dynamic, heterogeneous, nonlinear, and nonstationary. ▪ Surprising observations and novel measurements are transforming our understanding of the hydrological functioning of landscapes. ▪ Even during storm peaks, streamflow is composed mostly of water that has been stored in the landscape for weeks, months, or years. ▪ Streamflow and tree water uptake often originate from different subsurface storages and from different seasons’ precipitation. ▪ Stream networks dynamically extend and retract as the landscape wets and dries, and many stream reaches lose flow into underlying aquifers.

中文翻译：

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景观水文功能的启发性惊喜


景观从降水中吸收水，然后输送、储存、混合和释放水，向下流向溪流，向上流向植被。它们如何影响洪水、干旱、生物地球化学循环、污染物迁移以及陆地和水生生态系统的健康。由于许多关键过程在地下不可见地发生，因此我们对它们的概念化通常在很大程度上依赖于物理直觉。然而，近几十年来，这种直觉在很大程度上已被现场观察和新兴测量方法（尤其是同位素示踪剂）所推翻。在这里，我们总结了一些重大的意外事件，这些意外事件改变了我们对山坡和流域规模的水文过程的理解。这些意外迫使我们从相对静态、同质、线性和固定的流程概念转变为主要是动态、异质、非线性和非平稳的流程概念。 ▪ 令人惊讶的观察和新颖的测量正在改变我们对景观水文功能的理解。 ▪ 即使在风暴高峰期间，水流也主要由已在景观中储存数周、数月或数年的水组成。 ▪ 溪流和树木吸水通常来自不同的地下储存和不同季节的降水。 ▪ 溪流网络随着景观的湿润和干燥而动态延伸和收缩，许多溪流流向下面的含水层。