Peers' negative police encounters may have collateral consequences and shape adolescents' relationship with authority figures, including those in the school context. Due to the expansion of law enforcement in schools (e.g., school resource officers) and nearby neighborhoods, schools include spaces where adolescents witness or learn about their peers' intrusive encounters (e.g., stop-and-frisks) with the police. When peers experience intrusive police encounters, adolescents may feel like their freedoms are infringed upon by law enforcement and subsequently view institutions, including schools, with distrust and cynicism. In turn, adolescents will likely engage in more defiant behaviors to reassert their freedoms and express their cynicism toward institutions. To test these hypotheses, the present study leveraged a large sample of adolescents (N = 2,061) enrolled in classrooms (N = 157) and examined whether classmates' police intrusion predicted adolescents' engagement in school-based defiant behaviors over time. Results suggest that classmates' intrusive police experiences in the fall term predicted higher levels of adolescents' engagement in defiant behaviors at the end of the school year, regardless of adolescents' own history of direct police intrusive encounters. Adolescents' institutional trust partially mediated the longitudinal association between classmates' intrusive police encounters and adolescents' defiant behaviors. Whereas past studies have largely focused on individual experiences of police encounters, the present study uses a developmental lens to understand how the effects of law enforcement-perpetuated intrusion on adolescent development may operate through peer interactions. Implications for legal system policies and practices are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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同学警察闯入对青少年校园反抗行为的溢出效应：机构信任的中介作用。

同龄人与警察的负面接触可能会产生附带后果，并影响青少年与权威人物（包括学校里的权威人物）的关系。由于学校（例如，学校资源官员）和附近社区的执法范围扩大，学校设有青少年目睹或了解同龄人与警察的侵入性接触（例如拦截搜身）的空间。当同龄人遭遇警察的侵扰时，青少年可能会觉得自己的自由受到执法部门的侵犯，从而对包括学校在内的机构抱有不信任和愤世嫉俗的态度。反过来，青少年可能会采取更多的挑衅行为，以重申他们的自由并表达他们对机构的愤世嫉俗。为了检验这些假设，本研究利用了课堂上（N = 157）的大量青少年（N = 2,061）样本，并检验了同学的警察入侵是否预示着青少年随着时间的推移会出现在学校的挑衅行为。结果表明，同学们在秋季学期遭遇警察侵入的经历预示着青少年在学年结束时会出现更高水平的挑衅行为，无论青少年自己是否有直接遭遇警察侵入的历史。青少年的机构信任部分调节了同学的侵入性警察遭遇与青少年的挑衅行为之间的纵向关联。过去的研究主要集中在与警察遭遇的个人经历，而本研究使用发展的视角来了解执法持续的入侵对青少年发展的影响如何通过同伴互动发挥作用。讨论了对法律制度政策和实践的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。