Cultural stereotypes that link Black race to crime in the United States originated with and are perpetuated by policies that result in the disproportionate criminalization and punishment of Black people. The scientific record is replete with evidence that these stereotypes impact perceivers' perceptions, information processing, and decision-making in ways that produce more negative criminal legal outcomes for Black people than White people. However, relatively scant attention has been paid to understanding how situations that present a risk of being evaluated through the lens of crime-related stereotypes also directly affect Black people. In this article, I consider one situation in particular: encounters with police. I draw on social psychological research on stereotype threat generally as well as the few existing studies of crime-related stereotype threat specifically to illuminate how the cultural context creates psychologically distinct experiences of police encounters for Black people as compared to White people. I further consider the potential ramifications of stereotype threat effects on police officers' judgments and treatment of Black people as well as for Black people's safety and well-being in other criminal legal contexts and throughout their lives. Finally, I conclude with a call for increased scholarly attention to crime-related stereotype threat and the role it plays in contributing to racial disparities in policing outcomes, particularly with regard to diverse racial, ethnic, and intersectional identities and personal vulnerability factors, and the systemic changes that might mitigate its deleterious effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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“黑人罪犯”刻板印象如何塑造黑人的警务心理体验：刻板印象威胁的证据和剩余问题。

在美国，将黑人种族与犯罪联系起来的文化成见源于对黑人进行不成比例的定罪和惩罚的政策，并因这些政策而得以延续。科学记录充满证据表明，这些刻板印象会影响感知者的感知、信息处理和决策，从而给黑人带来比白人更多的负面刑事法律后果。然而，人们相对较少关注了解那些存在通过与犯罪相关的刻板印象的角度进行评估的风险的情况如何也直接影响黑人。在这篇文章中，我特别考虑一种情况：与警察的遭遇。我利用关于刻板印象威胁的社会心理学研究以及现有的少数与犯罪相关的刻板印象威胁研究来专门说明文化背景如何为黑人与白人相比创造出与警察遭遇的心理上不同的经历。我进一步考虑了刻板印象威胁对警察对黑人的判断和待遇的潜在影响，以及对黑人在其他刑事法律背景下和一生中的安全和福祉的潜在影响。最后，我呼吁学术界更多地关注与犯罪相关的刻板印象威胁及其在导致警务结果中的种族差异方面所发挥的作用，特别是在不同种族、族裔和交叉身份以及个人脆弱性因素和可能减轻其有害影响的系统性变化。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。