Over the past decades, the scientific community has made significant efforts to simulate flooding conditions using a variety of complex physically based models. Despite all advances, these models still fall short in accuracy and reliability and are often considered computationally intensive to be fully operational. This could be attributed to insufficient comprehension of the causative mechanisms of flood processes, assumptions in model development and inadequate consideration of uncertainties. We suggest adopting an approach that accounts for the influence of human activities, soil saturation, snow processes, topography, river morphology, and land-use type to enhance our understanding of flood generating mechanisms. We also recommend a transition to the development of innovative earth system modeling frameworks where the interaction among all components of the earth system are simultaneously modeled. Additionally, more nonselective and rigorous studies should be conducted to provide a detailed comparison of physical models and simplified methods for flood inundation mapping. Linking process-based models with data-driven/statistical methods offers a variety of opportunities that are yet to be explored and conveyed to researchers and emergency managers. The main contribution of this paper is to notify scientists and practitioners of the latest developments in flood characterization and modeling, identify challenges in understanding flood processes, associated uncertainties and risks in coupled hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling for forecasting and inundation mapping, and the potential use of state-of-the-art data assimilation and machine learning to tackle the complexities involved in transitioning such developments to operation.

中文翻译：

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河流和沿海洪水模拟的最新进展和新领域

在过去的几十年里，科学界做出了巨大的努力，使用各种复杂的基于物理的模型来模拟洪水情况。尽管取得了所有进步，但这些模型在准确性和可靠性方面仍然存在不足，并且通常被认为是计算密集型的，无法完全运行。这可能是由于对洪水过程的成因机制理解不足、模型开发中的假设以及对不确定性的考虑不足。我们建议采用一种方法来考虑人类活动、土壤饱和度、积雪过程、地形、河流形态和土地利用类型的影响，以加强我们对洪水产生机制的理解。我们还建议过渡到开发创新的地球系统建模框架，同时对地球系统所有组件之间的相互作用进行建模。此外，应进行更多非选择性和严格的研究，以提供物理模型的详细比较和洪水淹没绘图的简化方法。将基于过程的模型与数据驱动/统计方法联系起来提供了各种有待探索并传达给研究人员和应急管理人员的机会。本文的主要贡献是向科学家和实践者通报洪水特征和建模的最新发展，确定理解洪水过程的挑战，