Purpose of Review

Gremmeniella abietina is a destructive forest pathogen responsible for Scleroderris canker, shoot dieback, defoliation, and tree death in forests and tree nurseries. This review is aimed at providing a complete description of the fungus, its distribution, the conditions for its spread, and the impact of climate change and at summarising the relevant forest management methods. Due to the worldwide importance of the pathogen, a retrospective review is required to summarise the lessons learned in relation to the disease, considering application to future outbreaks.

Recent Findings

We revise available management methods, considering examples of control strategies, with special focus on the silvicultural approaches, and we also revise the recovery of the affected stands and the associated trade-offs. Forest disturbances such as pests and disease outbreaks are expected to be exacerbated by climate change, although the exact impact on all host-pathogen interactions remains unclear. In regions with a high risk of G. abietina epidemics, climate change is expected to affect the pathogen differently.

Summary

Gremmeniella abietina is a widely distributed forest pathogen in Europe and is also present in North America. Based on the conclusions reached in this review, forest stands may recover from pathogen outbreaks within 10 years, with considerable loss of growth and the risk of attack from secondary factors. Provenance selection is vital for preventing outbreaks. Climate change is expected to have different effects: in some areas, it is likely to increase the conditions conducive to the development of the fungus, while in others, it is likely to limit the spread because of high temperatures and low humidity. Preventing future outbreaks of this pathogen requires the use of mitigating strategies, together with forest monitoring, forecasting, and planning.

中文翻译：

---

Gremmeniella abietina：温暖世界的失败者还是仍然对林业构成威胁？

审查目的

Gremmeniella abietina是一种破坏性的森林病原体，会导致森林和苗圃中的硬皮病、芽枯病、落叶和树木死亡。本综述旨在全面描述该真菌、其分布、传播条件以及气候变化的影响，并总结相关的森林管理方法。由于该病原体在全球范围内的重要性，需要进行回顾性审查，总结与该疾病相关的经验教训，并考虑应用于未来的疫情爆发。

最近的发现

我们考虑控制策略的例子，修改现有的管理方法，特别关注造林方法，我们还修改受影响林分的恢复和相关的权衡。尽管对所有宿主与病原体相互作用的确切影响尚不清楚，但气候变化预计会加剧病虫害爆发等森林干扰。在松柏流行风险高的地区，气候变化预计会对病原体产生不同的影响。

概括

Gremmeniella abietina是欧洲广泛分布的森林病原体，也存在于北美。根据本次审查得出的结论，林分可能会在 10 年内从病原体爆发中恢复，但会出现相当大的生长损失和次要因素侵袭的风险。来源选择对于预防爆发至关重要。气候变化预计会产生不同的影响：在某些地区，可能会增加有利于真菌生长的条件，而在另一些地区，由于高温和低湿度，可能会限制其传播。预防这种病原体未来的爆发需要采取缓解策略，以及森林监测、预测和规划。