Grounded in the norm activation theory and the theory of planned behaviour, this study investigated antecedents of residents' active and passive opposition to tourism. Data were collected from 569 Fijian residents and analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling. Results revealed that awareness of the problem was positively associated with ascribed responsibility for COVID-19 and residents' attitudes towards tourism opposition. Residents' responsibility for COVID-19 was positively associated with personal norms regarding tourism opposition. Personal norms, attitudes concerning tourism opposition and perceived behavioural control to oppose tourism were positively associated with residents' active and passive intention to oppose tourism. However, the association of these three factors were stronger for passive intention. Subjective norms regarding tourism opposition were positively associated with residents' passive intention to oppose tourism. Overall, these findings provide practitioners and policymakers with a more robust perspective to best plan for sustainable tourism in the throes of reviving the industry.

本研究以规范激活理论和计划行为理论为基础，考察了居民主动和被动反对旅游的前因。数据收集自 569 名斐济居民，并使用基于协方差的结构方程模型进行分析。结果显示，对该问题的认识与对 COVID-19 的责任以及居民对旅游业反对的态度呈正相关。居民对 COVID-19 的责任与反对旅游业的个人规范呈正相关。个人规范、反对旅游的态度以及反对旅游的感知行为控制与居民主动和被动反对旅游的意愿呈正相关。然而，这三个因素对于被动意图的关联更强。旅游反对的主观规范与居民反对旅游的消极意愿正相关。总体而言，这些研究结果为从业者和政策制定者提供了更强有力的视角，以便在振兴旅游业的阵痛中为可持续旅游业做出最佳规划。