The science of volcanology advances disproportionately during exceptionally large or well-observed eruptions. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Hawai‘i) was its most impactful in centuries, involving an outpouring of more than one cubic kilometer of basalt, a magnitude 7 flank earthquake, and the volcano's largest summit collapse since at least the nineteenth century. Eruptive activity was documented in detail, yielding new insights into large caldera-rift eruptions; the geometry of a shallow magma storage-transport system and its interaction with rift zone tectonics; mechanisms of basaltic tephra-producing explosions; caldera collapse mechanics; and the dynamics of fissure eruptions and high-volume lava flows. Insights are broadly applicable to a range of volcanic systems and should reduce risk from future eruptions. Multidisciplinary collaboration will be required to fully leverage the diversity of monitoring data to address many of the most important outstanding questions. ▪ Unprecedented observations of a caldera collapse and coupled rift zone eruption yield new opportunities for advancing volcano science. ▪ Magma flow to a low-elevation rift zone vent triggered quasi-periodic step-like collapse of a summit caldera, which pressurized the magma system and sustained the eruption. ▪ Kīlauea's magmatic-tectonic system is tightly interconnected over tens of kilometers, with complex feedback mechanisms and interrelated hazards over widely varying time scales. ▪ The eruption revealed magma stored in diverse locations, volumes, and compositions, not only beneath the summit but also within the volcano's most active rift zone.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 52 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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2018 年基拉韦厄火山喷发：火山科学的见解、谜题和机遇


火山学科学在特大或观测良好的火山喷发期间取得了不成比例的进步。 2018 年基拉韦厄火山（夏威夷）的喷发是几个世纪以来影响最大的一次，包括超过一立方公里的玄武岩喷发、7 级侧翼地震以及至少 19 世纪以来火山最严重的山顶塌陷。详细记录了喷发活动，为大型火山口裂谷喷发提供了新的见解；浅层岩浆储存-运输系统的几何形状及其与裂谷带构造的相互作用；玄武岩火山灰产生爆炸的机制；破火山口塌陷力学；以及裂缝喷发和大量熔岩流的动态。这些见解广泛适用于一系列火山系统，应该可以降低未来火山喷发的风险。需要多学科合作来充分利用监测数据的多样性来解决许多最重要的悬而未决的问题。 ▪ 对火山口塌陷和裂谷带喷发的前所未有的观测为推进火山科学带来了新的机遇。 ▪ 岩浆流向低海拔裂谷带喷口，引发山顶破火山口的准周期性阶梯式塌陷，从而给岩浆系统加压并维持喷发。 ▪ 基拉韦厄火山的岩浆构造系统绵延数十公里，紧密相连，具有复杂的反馈机制和在不同时间尺度上相互关联的危险。 ▪ 这次喷发揭示了岩浆储存在不同的位置、体积和成分中，不仅在山顶下方，而且在火山最活跃的裂谷区内。《地球与行星科学年度评论》第 52 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2024 年 5 月请参阅http://www.Annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计。