Bacterial pathogens undergo remarkable adaptive change in response to the selective forces they encounter during host colonization and infection. Studies performed over the past few decades have demonstrated that many general evolutionary processes can be discerned during the course of host adaptation, including genetic diversification of lineages, clonal succession events, convergent evolution, and balanced fitness trade-offs. In some cases, elevated mutation rates resulting from mismatch repair or proofreading deficiencies accelerate evolution, and active mobile genetic elements or phages may facilitate genome plasticity. The host immune response provides another critical component of the fitness landscapes guiding adaptation, and selection operating on pathogens at this level may lead to immune evasion and the establishment of chronic infection. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, with a special focus on different forms of bacterial genome plasticity in the context of infection, and considers clinical consequences of adaptive changes for the host.

中文翻译：

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急性和慢性感染中细菌病原体的宿主内进化


细菌病原体在宿主定植和感染过程中对其遇到的选择性力量做出反应，经历显着的适应性变化。过去几十年的研究表明，在宿主适应过程中可以辨别许多一般的进化过程，包括谱系的遗传多样性、克隆演替事件、趋同进化和平衡适应度权衡。在某些情况下，错配修复或校对缺陷导致的突变率升高会加速进化，而活跃的移动遗传元件或噬菌体可能会促进基因组的可塑性。宿主免疫反应提供了指导适应的适应环境的另一个关键组成部分，在这个水平上对病原体进行选择可能会导致免疫逃避和慢性感染的建立。这篇综述总结了该领域的最新进展，特别关注感染背景下不同形式的细菌基因组可塑性，并考虑了宿主适应性变化的临床后果。