Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However, the lack of a unified measure for assessing plasticity and stability dynamics during training and post-training periods has limited our understanding of how these dynamics shape learning. Focusing primarily on procedural learning, we integrate work using behavioral paradigms and a recently developed measure, the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, to explore the delicate balance between plasticity and stability and its relationship to post-training learning. This reveals plasticity–stability cycles during both wakefulness and sleep that enhance learning and protect it from new learning during post-training processing.

培训结束后，学习仍在继续。清醒和睡眠期间大脑可塑性和稳定性的变化支持训练后的学习。然而，缺乏评估训练期间和训练后的可塑性和稳定性动态的统一措施，限制了我们对这些动态如何塑造学习的理解。我们主要关注程序性学习，利用行为范式和最近开发的测量方法（兴奋性与抑制性（E/I）比率）整合工作，以探索可塑性和稳定性之间的微妙平衡及其与训练后学习的关系。这揭示了清醒和睡眠期间的可塑性-稳定性循环，可以增强学习并在训练后处理过程中保护其免受新学习的影响。