Previous research has often linked socioeconomic decline and 'left behind' places with out-migration and depopulation. Few analyses have reflected on the role of connectivity in the migratory system, and how this varies across groups and places to produce peripheralisation. Using detailed migration in England and Wales, we examine the level of spatial focusing of migration flows between local authority origins and destinations, using the Gini index. The study extends the established spatial focusing literature to consider the role of age and investigates the phenomenon in 'left behind' places. Our findings show the complexity of the role of migration in the production of left behind places, with implications for population redistribution.

中文翻译：

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落在后面和被排除在外：评估英格兰和威尔士空间集中的移民网络中的（断开）连接

先前的研究经常将社会经济衰退和“落后”地区与人口外流和人口减少联系起来。很少有分析反思连通性在迁徙系统中的作用，以及这种作用如何因群体和地点的不同而产生边缘化。通过英格兰和威尔士的详细移民情况，我们使用基尼指数研究了地方政府来源地和目的地之间移民流动的空间集中程度。该研究扩展了现有的空间聚焦文献，以考虑年龄的作用，并调查“落后”地区的现象。我们的研究结果表明，移民在留守地区生产中发挥的复杂作用，对人口重新分配具有影响。