Although transparency is recognized as an important public value, few studies examine how citizens see the relationship between transparency and other public values. To empirically investigate this relationship, we distinguish among five types of transparency and explore their associations with different views of “good” government and other public values. Using survey data and Q methodology, we find that citizens see transparency as an important value, albeit not the most important one. We also find that people give different weight to different kinds of transparency and that this depends on individual characteristics and on their overall value orientation or conception of “good” government. In particular, those who hold a contractarian view of democracy prefer types of transparency associated with accountability. Overall, transparency as candor is valued most highly and least associated with other value preferences—suggesting an important interpretation of transparency that has been hitherto neglected in the literature.

中文翻译：

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公民希望如何“看到”国家：探索透明度与公共价值观之间的关系

尽管透明度被认为是重要的公共价值观，但很少有研究探讨公民如何看待透明度与其他公共价值观之间的关系。为了实证研究这种关系，我们区分了五种类型的透明度，并探讨它们与“好”政府和其他公共价值观的不同观点的关联。使用调查数据和 Q 方法，我们发现公民将透明度视为一项重要价值，尽管不是最重要的价值。我们还发现，人们对不同类型的透明度给予不同的重视，这取决于个人特征以及他们的整体价值取向或“好”政府的概念。特别是，那些对民主持契约论观点的人更喜欢与问责制相关的透明度类型。总体而言，作为坦率的透明度受到最高重视，并且与其他价值偏好的联系最少——这表明对透明度的重要解释迄今为止在文献中一直被忽视。