Synthesizing prior gene-by-cohort (G×C) interaction studies, we theorize that changes in genetic effects by social conditions depend on the level of resource constraints, the distribution and use of resources, structural constraints, and constraints on individual choice. Motivated by the theory, we explored several sex-specific G×C trends across a set of outcomes using 30 birth cohorts of UK Biobank data (N = 400,000). We find that genetic coefficients on years of schooling and secondary educational attainment substantially decrease, but genetic coefficients on college attainments only moderately increase. On the other hand, genetic coefficients for education ranks are stable. Genetic coefficients on reproductive behavior increase for younger cohorts. Additional genetic-correlation-by-cohort analysis shows shifting genetic correlations between education and reproductive behavior. Our results suggest that the G×C patterns are highly heterogenous and that social and genetic factors jointly shape the diversity of human phenotypes.

中文翻译：

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使用英国生物银行数据分析教育和生殖结果中的性别特异性基因和队列相互作用。

综合先前的基因与队列（G×C）相互作用研究，我们推测社会条件对遗传效应的变化取决于资源约束的水平、资源的分配和使用、结构约束以及个人选择的约束。受该理论的启发，我们使用英国生物银行数据的 30 个出生队列（N = 400,000）探索了一组结果中的几种性别特异性 G×C 趋势。我们发现，受教育年限和中等教育程度的遗传系数大幅下降，但大学程度的遗传系数仅略有增加。另一方面，教育排名的遗传系数是稳定的。年轻群体的生殖行为遗传系数增加。额外的队列遗传相关性分析显示，教育和生殖行为之间的遗传相关性正在发生变化。我们的结果表明，G×C 模式具有高度异质性，社会和遗传因素共同塑造了人类表型的多样性。