A large body of research suggests that extraversion is positively related to well-being. However, it is unclear whether this association can be explained by social participation (i.e., more extraverted individuals engage in social interactions more frequently) or social reactivity (i.e., more extraverted individuals profit more from social interactions) processes. Here, we examined the role of social interactions for the extraversion-well-being relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented time of reduced social contact. We analyzed data from an international, longitudinal study (Study 1: 10,523 assessments provided by 4,622 participants) and two experience sampling studies (Study 2: 29,536 assessments provided by 293 participants; Study 3: 61,492 assessments provided by 1,381 participants). Preregistered multilevel structural equation models revealed that extraversion was robustly related to well-being, even when social restrictions were in place. Across data sets, we found some support for the social participation hypothesis (i.e., the relationship between extraversion and well-being is mediated by social interactions), but the social reactivity hypothesis (i.e., extraversion moderates the relationship between social interactions and well-being) was not consistently supported. Strikingly, however, exploratory analyses showed that the social reactivity hypothesis was supported for specific facets of extraversion (i.e., sociability) and well-being (i.e., activated positive affect). Moreover, changes in social interaction patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., decreases in face-to-face interactions and interactions with friends) were unrelated to extraversion, and more extraverted individuals did not suffer more from these changes. Taken together, these findings underline the robustness of the effect of extraversion on well-being during a societal crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行期间的外向性、社交互动和幸福感：外向的人真的比内向的人遭受更多痛苦吗？

大量研究表明，外向性与幸福感呈正相关。然而，目前尚不清楚这种关联是否可以通过社会参与（即更外向的个体更频繁地参与社交互动）或社会反应（即更外向的个体从社交互动中获益更多）过程来解释。在这里，我们研究了 COVID-19 大流行期间社交互动对外向性与幸福感关系的作用，这是一个前所未有的社交接触减少时期。我们分析了一项国际纵向研究（研究 1：4,622 名参与者提供的 10,523 项评估）和两项经验抽样研究（研究 2：293 名参与者提供的 29,536 项评估；研究 3：1,381 名参与者提供的 61,492 项评估）的数据。预先注册的多级结构方程模型显示，即使存在社会限制，外向性也与幸福感密切相关。在整个数据集中，我们发现了对社会参与假说（即外向性和幸福感之间的关系由社会互动调节）的一些支持，但社会反应性假说（即外向性调节了社会互动和幸福感之间的关系） ）并未得到一致支持。然而，引人注目的是，探索性分析表明，社会反应假说在外向性（即社交性）和幸福感（即激活的积极情感）的特定方面得到了支持。此外，COVID-19大流行期间社交互动模式的变化（例如，面对面互动和与朋友互动的减少）与外向性无关，而且外向性较高的人并没有因这些变化而遭受更多影响。总而言之，这些发现强调了社会危机期间外向性对幸福感的强大影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。