Improved understanding of differences in kidney disease epidemiology, management and outcomes in men and women could help nephrologists to better meet the needs of their patients from a sex- and gender-specific perspective. Evidence of sex differences in the risk and outcomes of acute kidney injury is mixed and dependent on aetiology. Women have a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5 than men, whereas men have a higher prevalence of albuminuria and hence CKD stages 1–2. Men show a faster decline in kidney function, progress more frequently to kidney failure and have higher mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease than women. However, the protective effect of female sex is reduced with CKD progression. Women are less likely than men to be aware of, screened for and diagnosed with CKD, started on antiproteinuric medication and referred to nephrologist care. They also consistently report a poorer health-related quality of life and a higher symptom burden than men. Women experience greater barriers than men to access the waiting list for kidney transplantation, particularly with respect to older age and obesity. However, women also have longer survival than men after transplantation, which may partly explain the comparable prevalence of transplantation between the sexes.

更好地了解男性和女性肾脏疾病流行病学、治疗和结果的差异可以帮助肾脏病学家从性别和性别特定的角度更好地满足患者的需求。急性肾损伤风险和结果的性别差异的证据是混杂的，并且取决于病因学。女性慢性肾病 (CKD) 3-5 期的患病率高于男性，而男性白蛋白尿的患病率较高，因此 CKD 1-2 期的患病率也更高。与女性相比，男性肾功能下降更快，更容易进展为肾衰竭，死亡率和患心血管疾病的风险更高。然而，女性的保护作用随着 CKD 的进展而降低。与男性相比，女性不太可能意识到、筛查和诊断患有 CKD，开始服用抗蛋白尿药物并转诊至肾脏病专家护理。与男性相比，她们还一致报告与健康相关的生活质量较差，症状负担较高。女性在进入肾移植等候名单时比男性面临更大的障碍，特别是在年龄较大和肥胖方面。然而，移植后女性的生存期也比男性更长，这可能部分解释了两性之间移植率相当的原因。