Religions play an important yet poorly understood part in how social movements motivate societies to respond to environmental crises and the rapidly changing climate. Indonesia sits on the global frontline of environmental crises, with a rich history of religious diversity and environmental activism. Using framework synthesis, we analyzed 244 empirical studies (English and Indonesian) on 208 environmental social movements operating in local communities in Indonesia from 1990 through 2022. We developed a conceptual model showing how grassroots movements used lived religion to create new environmental practices and motivate environmental behavioral changes in diverse local communities. Our study inventoried 571 examples of lived religious concepts, practices, rituals and systems that movements used to create environmental concepts and practices. We found three patterns in the creative process: 1) conceptual hybridization, meaning that movements often blended official religions, Indigenous religions, and local knowledges and traditions (often called cultural practices), and they fused these aspects of lived religion with economic, legal and scientific concepts; 2) contextual imagination, meaning that movements adopted multiple religious and other strategies to respond to local economic, environmental, political, and religio-cultural contexts; and, 3) contestation-driven improvisation, meaning that movements faced intense opposition, and this dynamic both motivated improvisation and increased the vulnerability of movements and of local communities adapting to rapid environmental change. We propose that future studies on adaptation and sustainable transitions could include lived eco-religion as a meeting point for critical partnerships between environmental scholars in the sciences and the humanities.

中文翻译：

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社会运动如何利用宗教创造力来解决印度尼西亚当地社区的环境危机

宗教在社会运动如何激励社会应对环境危机和快速变化的气候方面发挥着重要但鲜为人知的作用。印度尼西亚位于全球环境危机的前线，拥有丰富的宗教多样性和环保活动历史。利用框架综合，我们分析了 244 项实证研究（英语和印度尼西亚语），涉及 1990 年至 2022 年印度尼西亚当地社区开展的 208 项环境社会运动。我们开发了一个概念模型，展示草根运动如何利用活生生的宗教来创造新的环境实践并激励环境社会运动。不同当地社区的行为变化。我们的研究列出了 571 个生活宗教概念、实践、仪式和系统的例子，这些运动用来创造环境概念和实践。我们在创作过程中发现了三种模式：1）概念混合，这意味着运动经常将官方宗教、原住民宗教以及当地知识和传统（通常称为文化习俗）融合在一起，并将生活宗教的这些方面与经济、法律和文化融合在一起。科学概念； 2）情境想象，意味着运动采取多种宗教和其他策略来应对当地的经济、环境、政治和宗教文化背景； 3）争议驱动的即兴创作，这意味着运动面临强烈的反对，这种动态既激发了即兴创作，又增加了运动和当地社区适应快速环境变化的脆弱性。我们建议，未来关于适应和可持续转型的研究可以将生活生态宗教作为科学和人文环境学者之间重要伙伴关系的交汇点。