BACKGROUND Improving mental health is recognized as an important factor for achieving global development goals. Despite strong evidence that neighborhood greenery promotes better mental health, there are environmental justice concerns over the distribution of neighborhood greenery. Underlying these concerns are present-day consequences of historical discriminatory financial investment practices, such as redlining which was established by the U.S. Federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s. The impacts of redlining on environmental and health disparities have been researched extensively. However, the influences of redlining on the associations between neighborhood environment and health outcomes have not been fully assessed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether associations between residential tree cover and depressive symptoms vary across areas subject to HOLC practices. METHODS Depressive symptoms were defined by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale collected during the period 2008-2012 for 3,555 women in the Sister Study cohort residing in cities subject to HOLC practices across the United States. HOLC rating maps were obtained from the Mapping Inequality Project, University of Richmond, with neighborhoods graded as A (best for financial investment, green), B (still desirable, blue), C (declining, yellow), and D (hazardous, red-known as redlined). Tree cover within 500m and 2,000m from residences was estimated using 2011 U.S. Forest Service Percent Tree Canopy Cover. Mixed model using climate zone as the random effect was applied to evaluate the associations with adjustments for potential covariates. Analyses were stratified by HOLC grade. RESULTS Tree cover was significantly higher in neighborhoods with better HOLC grades. A 10% increase in tree cover was associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for the full study population, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 0.99], and 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) for 500-m and 2,000-m buffer, respectively. Across HOLC grades, the strongest associations were observed in redlined neighborhoods, with respective AORs of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.99) and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.90) for 500-m and 2,000-m buffer. DISCUSSION Findings support a remediation strategy focused on neighborhood greenery that would address multiple public health priorities, including mental health and environmental justice. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12212.

中文翻译：

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姐妹研究中的红线和自然环境与女性抑郁症状的关联。

背景技术改善心理健康被认为是实现全球发展目标的重要因素。尽管有强有力的证据表明邻里绿化可以促进更好的心理健康，但邻里绿化的分布仍存在环境正义问题。这些担忧的背后是历史上歧视性金融投资做法（例如美国联邦房主贷款公司 (HOLC) 在 20 世纪 30 年代制定的红线规定）所造成的当前后果。红线对环境和健康差异的影响已得到广泛研究。然而，红线对邻里环境与健康结果之间关联的影响尚未得到充分评估。目的 本研究的目的是探讨住宅树木覆盖率与抑郁症状之间的关联是否因实施 HOLC 实践的地区而异。方法 抑郁症状通过流行​​病学研究中心抑郁量表的 10 项定义，该量表在 2008 年至 2012 年期间收集了姐妹研究队列中 3,555 名居住在美国接受 HOLC 实践的城市的女性。HOLC 评级地图取自里士满大学不平等地图项目，其中社区评级为 A（最适合金融投资，绿色）、B（仍然理想，蓝色）、C（下降，黄色）和 D（危险，红色） - 称为红线）。使用 2011 年美国林业局树冠覆盖率百分比估算了距住宅 500m 和 2,000m 范围内的树木覆盖率。应用使用气候带作为随机效应的混合模型来评估与潜在协变量调整的关联。分析按 HOLC 等级进行分层。结果 HOLC 等级较高的社区的树木覆盖率明显较高。树木覆盖率增加 10% 与整个研究人群出现抑郁症状的几率降低相关，调整后的比值比 (AOR) 为 0.93 [95% 置信区间 (CI)：0.88, 0.99] 和 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) ) 分别适用于 500 米和 2,000 米缓冲区。在 HOLC 等级中，在红线邻域中观察到最强的关联，500 米和 2,000 米缓冲区的 AOR 分别为 0.72（95% CI：0.52，0.99）和 0.63（95% CI：0.45，0.90）。讨论 研究结果支持以社区绿化为重点的补救策略，该策略将解决多个公共卫生优先事项，包括心理健康和环境正义。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12212。