Purpose

This paper aims to examine the thermal transmission and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid filled containers with solid body inside. The solid body is seen as being both isothermal and capable of producing heat. A time-dependent non-linear partial differential equation is used to represent the transfer of heat through a solid body. The current study’s objective is to investigate the key properties of nanoparticles, external forces and particular attention paid to the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on entropy formation. This investigation is useful for researchers studying in the area of cavity flows to know features of the flow structures and nature of hybrid nanofluid characteristics. In addition, a detailed entropy generation analysis has been performed to highlight possible regimes with minimal entropy generation rates. Hybrid nanofluid has been proven to have useful qualities, making it an attractive coolant for an electrical device. The findings would help scientists and engineers better understand how to analyse convective heat transmission and how to forecast better heat transfer rates in cutting-edge technological systems used in industries such as heat transportation, power generation, chemical production and passive cooling systems for electronic devices.

Design/methodology/approach

Thermal transmission and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid are analysed within the enclosure. The domain of interest is a square chamber of size L, including a square solid block. The solid body is considered to be isothermal and generating heat. The flow driven by temperature gradient in the cavity is two-dimensional. The governing equations, formulated in dimensionless primitive variables with corresponding initial and boundary conditions, are worked out by using the finite volume technique with the SIMPLE algorithm on a uniformly staggered mesh. QUICK and central difference schemes were used to handle convective and diffusive elements. In-house code is developed using FORTRAN programming to visualize the isotherms, streamlines, heatlines and entropy contours, which are handled by Tecplot software. The influence of nanoparticles volume fraction, heat generation factor, external magnetic forces and an irreversibility ratio on energy transport and flow patterns is examined.

Findings

The results show that the hybrid nanoparticles concentration augments the thermal transmission and the entropy production increases also while the augmentation of temperature difference results in a diminution of entropy production. Finally, magnetic force has the significant impact on heat transfer, isotherms, streamlines and entropy. It has been observed that the external magnetic force plays a good role in thermal regulations.

Research limitations/implications

Hybrid nanofluid is a desirable coolant for an electrical device. Various nanoparticles and their combinations can be analysed. Ferro-copper hybrid nanofluid considered with the help of prevailing literature review. The research would benefit scientists and engineers by improving their comprehension of how to analyses convective heat transmission and forecast more accurate heat transfer rates in various fields.

Practical implications

Due to its helpful characteristics, ferrous-copper hybrid nanofluid is a desirable coolant for an electrical device. The research would benefit scientists and engineers by improving their comprehension of how to analyse convective heat transmission and forecast more accurate heat transfer rates in cutting-edge technological systems used in sectors like thermal transportation, cooling systems for electronic devices, etc.

Social implications

Entropy generation is used for an evaluation of the system’s performance, which is an indicator of optimal design. Hence, in recent times, it does a good engineering sense to draw attention to irreversibility under magnetic force, and it has an indispensable impact on investigation of electronic devices.

Originality/value

An efficient numerical technique has been developed to solve this problem. The originality of this work is to analyse convective energy transport and entropy generation in a chamber with internal block, which is capable of maintaining heat and producing heat. Effects of irreversibility ratio are scrutinized for the first time. Analysis of convective heat transfer and entropy production in an enclosure with internal isothermal/heat generating blocks gives the way to predict enhanced heat transfer rate and avoid the failure of advanced technical systems in industrial sectors.

中文翻译：

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具有固体块的倾斜室中混合纳米流体的磁热对流和熵产生

目的

本文旨在研究内部装有固体的混合纳米流体填充容器的热传递和熵产生。固体被认为是等温的并且能够产生热量。与时间相关的非线性偏微分方程用于表示通过固体的热量传递。当前研究的目的是研究纳米颗粒的关键特性、外力，并特别关注混合纳米颗粒对熵形成的影响。这项研究对于空腔流领域的研究人员了解流动结构的特征和混合纳米流体特性的本质很有用。此外，还进行了详细的熵生成分析，以突出具有最小熵生成率的可能机制。混合纳米流体已被证明具有有用的品质，使其成为电气设备有吸引力的冷却剂。这些发现将帮助科学家和工程师更好地了解如何分析对流传热，以及如何预测热传输、发电、化学生产和电子设备被动冷却系统等行业使用的尖端技术系统中更好的传热率。

设计/方法论/途径

在外壳内分析混合纳米流体的热传递和熵产生。感兴趣的域是一个大小为 L 的方形室，包括一个方形实心块。固体被认为是等温的并产生热量。腔内由温度梯度驱动的流动是二维的。控制方程由具有相应初始条件和边界条件的无量纲基元变量表示，通过在均匀交错网格上使用有限体积技术和 SIMPLE 算法来计算。QUICK 和中心差分方案用于处理对流和扩散元素。内部代码是使用 FORTRAN 编程开发的，以可视化等温线、流线、热线和熵等值线，这些由 Tecplot 软件处理。研究了纳米粒子体积分数、生热因子、外部磁力和不可逆性比率对能量传输和流动模式的影响。

发现

结果表明，混合纳米粒子的浓度增加了热传递，熵产生也增加，而温差的增大导致熵产生减少。最后，磁力对传热、等温线、流线和熵有重大影响。据观察，外磁力在热调节中发挥着良好的作用。

研究局限性/影响

混合纳米流体是电气设备理想的冷却剂。可以分析各种纳米粒子及其组合。在流行文献综述的帮助下考虑铁铜杂化纳米流体。这项研究将使科学家和工程师受益，提高他们对如何分析对流热传递和预测各个领域更准确的传热率的理解。

实际影响

由于其有用的特性，铁铜混合纳米流体是电气设备理想的冷却剂。这项研究将使科学家和工程师受益，提高他们对如何分析对流热传递和预测热传输、电子设备冷却系统等领域使用的尖端技术系统中更准确的传热率的理解。

社会影响

熵生成用于评估系统性能，是优化设计的指标。因此，近年来，引起人们对磁力下不可逆性的关注具有良好的工程意义，并且对电子器件的研究具有不可或缺的影响。

原创性/价值

已经开发出一种有效的数值技术来解决这个问题。这项工作的独创性是分析具有内部块的室内的对流能量传输和熵的产生，该内部块能够保持热量并产生热量。首次仔细研究了不可逆率的影响。对具有内部等温/发热块的外壳中的对流传热和熵产生进行分析，可以预测增强的传热速率并避免工业领域先进技术系统的故障。