Studies of energy transitions have historically lacked a holistic, multi-scalar and multi-site accounting of social and environmental impacts of projects. Scholars increasingly point to the need for integrated studies that highlight impacts at various stages of lifecycles and scales of governance in the normative pursuit of energy justice. In this study, we examine the social and environmental inequities within the solar PV value chain in India from multiple scales using an original dataset and comparative case study approach, including multiple site visits and embedded ethnography. We utilized a mixed methodological approach to data collection that included household surveys ( = 120), semi-structured interviews ( = 43), focus group discussions ( = 6) and naturalistic observation ( = 9 site visits over 24 days) across the states of Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Delhi and Tamil Nadu at six different locations. We buttress recent work examining solar injustices from a ‘whole systems’ perspective, taking a multidimensional approach through an intersectional lens. Drawing from fieldwork and the literatures of energy justice and political ecology, we ask : At each solar node, there are demographic, spatial, interspecies and temporal inequities occurring. Demographic inequities include resource dispossession, loss of livelihoods and hazards exposure for marginalized groups. Spatial inequities include distributional injustices for capital and electricity, rural land enclosures and substandard infrastructure. Interspecies inequities include ecosystem contamination, habitat destruction and imperiling wildlife. Temporal inequities include time burdens placed on marginalized groups, multi-decadal time horizons for inequitable projects to pay off and the long-term degradation of the environment. We conclude by reflecting on the stakes of solar development in India and offering policy recommendations that could engender a more equitable solar sector and chart future research agendas.

中文翻译：

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被太阳黑子蒙蔽：揭示印度太阳能的多维和交叉不平等

能源转型研究历来缺乏对项目社会和环境影响的全面、多尺度和多地点的核算。学者们越来越多地指出，需要进行综合研究，强调生命周期各个阶段和治理规模对能源正义规范追求的影响。在这项研究中，我们使用原始数据集和比较案例研究方法（包括多次实地考察和嵌入式民族志）从多个层面审视印度太阳能光伏价值链内的社会和环境不平等。我们采用混合方法进行数据收集，其中包括各州的家庭调查 (= 120)、半结构化访谈 (= 43)、焦点小组讨论 (= 6) 和自然观察（= 24 天内 9 次现场访问）。北方邦、卡纳塔克邦、拉贾斯坦邦、德里和泰米尔纳德邦六个不同地点。我们支持最近的工作，从“整个系统”的角度审视太阳的不公正现象，通过交叉镜头采取多维方法。根据田野调查以及能源正义和政治生态学文献，我们提出这样的问题：在每个太阳交点，都存在人口、空间、物种间和时间上的不平等。人口不平等包括资源被剥夺、生计丧失以及边缘群体面临的危险。空间不平等包括资本和电力分配不公、农村土地圈地和不合格的基础设施。物种间不平等包括生态系统污染、栖息地破坏和野生动物面临危险。暂时的不平等包括边缘化群体的时间负担、不平等项目需要数十年的时间才能获得回报以及环境的长期退化。最后，我们反思了印度太阳能发展的利害关系，并提供了可以形成更加公平的太阳能行业的政策建议，并制定了未来的研究议程。