Background: The number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths differed across countries and across waves of the pandemic. Patterns also differed between groups within a country. Objective: We combine data on excess mortality with data on cause-of-death-specific mortality in the case of Sweden to identify which groups had excess mortality beyond what can be captured by analyses of COVID-19-specific deaths. We also explore the possibility that some groups may have benefited in terms of reduced all-cause mortality, potentially due to home-centered living conditions during the pandemic. Methods: We produced and compared three sets of group-specific incidence rates: deaths from (1) any cause in 2020, (2) any cause in 2019, (3) any cause excluding COVID-19 in 2020. We compared rates across different socioeconomic profiles based on combinations of sex, age, marital status, education, and country of birth. Contribution: We show that many of those who died during 2020 would not have done so in the absence of the pandemic. We find some evidence of COVID-19 mortality underestimation, mainly among individuals with a migration background. We also found groups for which mortality decreased during the pandemic, even when including COVID-19 mortality. Progression across the first and second waves of the pandemic shows that more groups appeared to become protected over time and that there was less underestimation of COVID-19 mortality in the second part of 2020.

中文翻译：

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拯救的生命、失去的生命和漏报的 COVID-19 死亡：瑞典 COVID-19 大流行第一年期间与特定原因死亡率相关的超额和非超额死亡率（作者：Eleonora Mussino、Sven Drefahl、Matthew Wallace） 、桑尼·比林斯利、悉达多·阿拉迪亚、冈纳·安德森）

背景：不同国家和不同疫情浪潮中确诊的 COVID-19 死亡人数有所不同。一个国家内不同群体之间的模式也有所不同。目标：我们将瑞典的超额死亡率数据与特定死因死亡率数据结合起来，以确定哪些群体的超额死亡率超出了对 COVID-19 特定死亡分析所能捕获的范围。我们还探讨了一些群体可能因全因死亡率降低而受益的可能性，这可能是由于大流行期间以家庭为中心的生活条件所致。方法：我们制作并比较了三组特定群体的发病率：(1) 2020 年任何原因造成的死亡，(2) 2019 年任何原因造成的死亡，(3) 2020 年不包括 COVID-19 的任何原因造成的死亡。我们比较了不同原因的死亡率。基于性别、年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度和出生国组合的社会经济概况。贡献：我们发现，如果没有这场大流行，许多 2020 年期间死亡的人就不会这样做。我们发现一些证据表明 COVID-19 死亡率被低估，主要是在有移民背景的个体中。我们还发现，即使包括了 COVID-19 死亡率，在大流行期间死亡率也有所下降的群体。第一波和第二波大流行的进展表明，随着时间的推移，更多的群体似乎受到了保护，并且 2020 年下半年对 COVID-19 死亡率的低估有所减少。