Monitoring brain responses to ultrasonic interventions is becoming an important pillar of a growing number of applications employing acoustic waves to actuate and cure the brain. Optical interrogation of living tissues provides a unique means for retrieving functional and molecular information related to brain activity and disease-specific biomarkers. The hybrid optoacoustic imaging methods have further enabled deep-tissue imaging with optical contrast at high spatial and temporal resolution. The marriage between light and sound thus brings together the highly complementary advantages of both modalities toward high precision interrogation, stimulation, and therapy of the brain with strong impact in the fields of ultrasound neuromodulation, gene and drug delivery, or noninvasive treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we elaborate on current advances in optical and optoacoustic monitoring of ultrasound interventions. We describe the main principles and mechanisms underlying each method before diving into the corresponding biomedical applications. We identify areas of improvement as well as promising approaches with clinical translation potential.

监测大脑对超声干预的反应正在成为越来越多利用声波来驱动和治疗大脑的应用的重要支柱。对活组织的光学询问提供了一种独特的方法来检索与大脑活动和疾病特异性生物标志物相关的功能和分子信息。混合光声成像方法进一步实现了在高空间和时间分辨率下具有光学对比度的深层组织成像。因此，光与声之间的结合汇集了两种模式的高度互补优势，可实现高精度的大脑询问、刺激和治疗，在超声神经调节、基因和药物输送或神经系统和神经退行性疾病的无创治疗领域产生巨大影响失调。在这篇综述中，我们详细阐述了超声干预的光学和光声监测的当前进展。在深入研究相应的生物医学应用之前，我们描述了每种方法的主要原理和机制。我们确定了需要改进的领域以及具有临床转化潜力的有前途的方法。