Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study haemodynamic flow characteristics and entropy analysis in a bifurcated artery system subjected to stenosis, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and aneurysm conditions. The findings of this study offer significant insights into the intricate interplay encompassing electro-osmosis, MHD flow, microorganisms, Joule heating and the ternary hybrid nanofluid.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing equations are first non-dimensionalised, and subsequently, a coordinate transformation is used to regularise the irregular boundaries. The discretisation of the governing equations is accomplished by using the Crank–Nicolson scheme. Furthermore, the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm is applied to solve the resulting matrix arising from the discretisation.

Findings

The investigation reveals that the velocity profile experiences enhancement with an increase in the Debye–Hückel parameter, whereas the magnetic field parameter exhibits the opposite effect, reducing the velocity profile. A comparative study demonstrates the velocity distribution in Au-CuO hybrid nanofluid and Au-CuO-GO ternary hybrid nanofluid. The results indicate a notable enhancement in velocity for the ternary hybrid nanofluid compared to the hybrid nanofluids. Moreover, an increase in the Brinkmann number results in an augmentation in entropy generation.

Originality/value

This study investigates the flow characteristics and entropy analysis in a bifurcated artery system subjected to stenosis, MHD flow and aneurysm conditions. The governing equations are non-dimensionalised, and a coordinate transformation is applied to regularise the irregular boundaries. The Crank–Nicolson scheme is used to model blood flow in the presence of a ternary hybrid nanofluid (Au-CuO-GO/blood) within the arterial domain. The findings shed light on the complex interactions involving stenosis, MHD flow, aneurysms, Joule heating and the ternary hybrid nanofluid. The results indicate a decrease in the wall shear stress (WSS) profile with increasing stenosis size. The MHD effects are observed to influence the velocity distribution, as the velocity profile exhibits a declining nature with an increase in the Hartmann number. In addition, entropy generation increases with an enhancement in the Brinkmann number. This research contributes to understanding fluid dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms in bifurcated arteries, providing valuable insights for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.

中文翻译：

---

分叉动脉中含有旋转微生物的三元混合纳米流体（Au-CuO-GO/血液）的熵产生分析

目的

本文的目的是研究在狭窄、磁流体动力学 (MHD) 流和动脉瘤条件下的分叉动脉系统的血流动力学特征和熵分析。这项研究的结果为了解电渗透、MHD 流、微生物、焦耳热和三元混合纳米流体等复杂的相互作用提供了重要的见解。

设计/方法论/途径

控制方程首先是无量纲化的，随后使用坐标变换来正则化不规则边界。控制方程的离散化是通过使用 Crank-Nicolson 格式来完成的。此外，应用三对角矩阵算法来求解离散化产生的结果矩阵。

发现

研究表明，速度剖面随着德拜休克尔参数的增加而增强，而磁场参数则表现出相反的效果，降低了速度剖面。比较研究展示了 Au-CuO 杂化纳米流体和 Au-CuO-GO 三元杂化纳米流体的速度分布。结果表明，与混合纳米流体相比，三元混合纳米流体的速度显着提高。此外，布林克曼数的增加导致熵产生的增加。

原创性/价值

本研究研究了在狭窄、MHD 血流和动脉瘤条件下的分叉动脉系统的血流特征和熵分析。控制方程是无量纲的，并且应用坐标变换来规范不规则边界。Crank-Nicolson 方案用于模拟动脉域内存在三元混合纳米流体（Au-CuO-GO/血液）的情况下的血流。这些发现揭示了涉及狭窄、MHD 流、动脉瘤、焦耳热和三元混合纳米流体的复杂相互作用。结果表明，随着狭窄尺寸的增加，壁剪切应力 (WSS) 曲线减小。观察到 MHD 效应会影响速度分布，因为速度分布随着哈特曼数的增加而呈现下降的性质。此外，熵的产生随着布林克曼数的增加而增加。这项研究有助于了解分叉动脉中的流体动力学和传热机制，为诊断和治疗心血管疾病提供宝贵的见解。