Fathers and family-level characteristics are understudied but potentially impactful contributors to at-risk outcomes for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children who use spoken language. We investigated associations between paternal parenting stress, paternal self-efficacy for supporting language, and executive function (EF) development in DHH children and children with typical hearing (TH). Main and moderating effects of the coparenting relationship were also investigated. TH fathers of DHH children ( = 44) and TH children ( = 46) completed the Parenting Stress Index-4-Short Form, the Scale of Parental Involvement and Self-Efficacy, and the Coparenting Relationship Scale. Child EF was assessed via the Behavior Rating Index of Executive Function. Regression analyses revealed that paternal parenting stress was significantly associated with child EF difficulties regardless of child hearing status. Coparenting undermining moderated relations between paternal parenting stress and child difficulties with inhibition in the full sample. Coparenting undermining was associated with greater child difficulties with set-shifting for DHH children only. Paternal parenting stress represents a possible risk factor for child EF development, particularly in families with higher levels of coparenting undermining. DHH children might also be susceptible to adverse coparenting relations. Fathers of DHH children have previously been shown to be less involved and integrated during intervention, and a better understanding of the important contributions fathers have to child development could lead to novel, father-embedded intervention models.

中文翻译：

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扩大对不同听力史儿童执行功能的理解：父亲的角色和共同养育子女

父亲和家庭层面的特征尚未得到充分研究，但可能对使用口语的聋哑和听力困难 (DHH) 儿童的风险结果产生影响。我们调查了 DHH 儿童和典型听力 (TH) 儿童的父亲养育压力、父亲支持语言的自我效能感和执行功能 (EF) 发展之间的关联。还调查了共同养育关系的主要影响和调节影响。 DHH 儿童 (= 44) 和 TH 儿童 (= 46) 的 TH 父亲完成了育儿压力指数-4-简表、父母参与和自我效能量表以及共同养育关系量表。儿童 EF 通过执行功能行为评级指数进行评估。回归分析显示，无论儿童听力状况如何，父亲养育压力与儿童 EF 困难显着相关。在整个样本中，共同养育破坏了父亲养育压力和儿童困难之间的调节关系。共同养育破坏与儿童更大的困难有关，仅针对 DHH 儿童。父亲养育压力是儿童 EF 发展的一个可能的风险因素，特别是在共同养育破坏程度较高的家庭中。 DHH 儿童也可能容易受到不良的共同养育关系的影响。 DHH 儿童的父亲此前已被证明在干预期间较少参与和融入，更好地了解父亲对儿童发展的重要贡献可能会导致新颖的、父亲嵌入的干预模型。