Background: Labor and housing market conditions, alongside political climate, are recognized as pivotal drivers for domestic migration. However, limited research examines how urban/rural status of areas influences the interplay between these factors and migration decisions. Objective: This paper investigates urban–rural differences in the effects of employment opportunities, housing affordability, and political climate on household migration tendencies across US counties during the 2009–2019 period. Methods: This study merges the individual-level Panel Study of Income Dynamics with county-level census and election datasets. Fixed-effect logistic regression models are utilized to explore variation in the migration effects of key factors along the rural–urban continuum, focusing on homeowners and renters. Results: The findings show a higher propensity for individuals from rural counties to migrate, with rural destinations being associated with a lower likelihood for homeowners to move in. Employment opportunities in suburban areas significantly drive migration. While there are distinct impacts of housing affordability on the migration tendencies of homeowners and renters, variations of this impact along the rural–urban continuum are modest. The influence of political climate is considerably less pronounced. A strong conservative-leaning political climate in rural counties is negatively associated with the likelihood of residents leaving and positively affects the likelihood of moving in. Notably, the results underscore economic factors as the primary determinants in migration decisions. Contribution: This research highlights the significance of urban–rural discrepancies in understanding the dynamics between locational attributes and migration tendencies. It provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in developing tailored strategies that consider urban/rural contexts.

中文翻译：

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注意差距：探索美国县际移民决策中的城乡差异（徐安琪）

背景：劳动力和住房市场状况以及政治气候被认为是国内移民的关键驱动因素。然而，有限的研究探讨了地区的城乡状况如何影响这些因素与移民决策之间的相互作用。目的：本文调查了 2009 年至 2019 年期间美国各县就业机会、住房负担能力和政治气候对家庭移民倾向的影响的城乡差异。方法：本研究将个人层面的收入动态面板研究与县级人口普查和选举数据集相结合。利用固定效应逻辑回归模型来探索城乡连续体中关键因素的迁移效应的变化，重点关注房主和租房者。结果：调查结果显示，来自农村县的个人迁移的倾向较高，而农村目的地与房主搬入的可能性较低有关。郊区的就业机会显着推动了迁移。虽然住房负担能力对房主和租房者的迁移倾向有明显的影响，但这种影响在城乡连续体上的变化不大。政治气候的影响要小得多。农村县强烈的保守倾向政治氛围与居民离开的可能性呈负相关，对迁入的可能性产生正向影响。值得注意的是，结果强调了经济因素是移民决策的主要决定因素。贡献：本研究强调了城乡差异对于理解区位属性和迁移趋势之间动态的重要性。它为政策制定者和从业者制定考虑城市/农村背景的定制战略提供了宝贵的见解。