Nanomaterials have been rapidly developed during the last decades, yet many nanoparticles synthesized by classical methods are toxic and their synthesis procedure is not sustainable. Here we review the green synthesis of nanoparticles from biomass and waste with a focus on synthetic mechanisms and applications in energy production and storage, medicine, environmental remediation, and agriculture and food. Biomass use for synthesis include microorganisms, fungi, plants, and agro-industrial bio-waste. Compared to conventional synthesis, green synthesis allows a 30% reduction in energy consumption, cost savings of up to 40%, and a 50% increase in production output. Biomedical applications comprise antibacterials, anticancers, antioxidants, and drug delivery mechanisms. Carbon quantum dots and photovoltaics are discussed in the energy section. Agricultural and food applications focus on nanofertilization, pest control, and food quality. Environmental remediation includes water and soil purification.

纳米材料在过去几十年中得到了迅速发展，但许多通过经典方法合成的纳米颗粒是有毒的，并且其合成过程是不可持续的。在这里，我们回顾了从生物质和废物中绿色合成纳米颗粒的过程，重点关注合成机制及其在能源生产和储存、医学、环境修复以及农业和食品中的应用。用于合成的生物质包括微生物、真菌、植物和农工业生物废物。与传统合成相比，绿色合成可降低能耗30%，节省成本高达40%，产量提高50%。生物医学应用包括抗菌剂、抗癌剂、抗氧化剂和药物输送机制。碳量子点和光伏发电将在能源部分进行讨论。农业和食品应用侧重于纳米施肥、害虫防治和食品质量。环境修复包括水和土壤净化。