Over the past eighteen years, research into test-enhanced learning has expanded significantly and remains vibrant to this day. The fact that many major research questions in the literature have already been addressed, however, raises the question: “What’s next?” That question motivates this special issue. We asked leading researchers in the field to contribute articles highlighting cutting-edge and new directions in test-enhanced learning research. The resulting review papers, empirical articles, and commentaries address many fascinating topics, including: (a) new approaches that are generating insights into test-enhanced learning in relation to other learning techniques (e.g., combining testing with elaborative or generative learning activities); (b) investigations of lesser-known test-based learning strategies that have the potential to enhance educational outcomes (e.g., pretesting and prequestioning, spaced retrieval practice, test-potentiated new learning or forward testing; and successive relearning); (c) new research on effective uses of practice testing during self-regulated learning and in other contexts; and (d) how to promote awareness and acceptance of test-enhanced learning among students and practitioners. These articles showcase some of the most promising new directions in test-enhanced learning research, so we anticipate that this special issue will inspire further investigations of practice testing and its educational applications.

在过去的十八年里，测试强化学习的研究得到了显着扩展，并且至今仍然充满活力。然而，文献中的许多主要研究问题已经得到解决，这一事实提出了一个问题：“下一步是什么？”这个问题引发了本期特刊。我们邀请该领域的领先研究人员发表文章，重点介绍测试强化学习研究的前沿和新方向。由此产生的评论论文、实证文章和评论涉及许多引人入胜的主题，包括：(a) 产生对与其他学习技术相关的测试强化学习的见解的新方法（例如，将测试与精细或生成学习活动相结合）； (b) 对鲜为人知的、有潜力提高教育成果的应试学习策略的调查（例如预测试和预提问、间隔检索练习、测试强化新学习或前向测试；以及连续再学习）； (c) 关于在自我调节学习和其他情况下有效使用实践测试的新研究； (d) 如何提高学生和从业者对考试强化学习的认识和接受度。这些文章展示了测试强化学习研究中一些最有前途的新方向，因此我们预计本期特刊将激发对实践测试及其教育应用的进一步研究。