Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the leading causes of death in the Western world and share common risk factors. Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a major determinant of cardiovascular morbidity and cancer survival. In this review we discuss cancer- induced disturbances of parenchymal, cellular, and mitochondrial function, which limit CRF and may be antagonized and attenuated through exercise training. We show the impact of CRF on cancer survival and its attenuating effects on cardiotoxicity of cancer-related treatment. Tailored exercise programs are not yet available for each tumor entity as several trials were performed in heterogeneous populations without adequate cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) prior to exercise prescription and with a wide variation of exercise modalities. There is emerging evidence that exercise may be a crucial pillar in cancer treatment and a tool to mitigate cardiotoxic treatment effects. We discuss modalities of aerobic exercise and resistance training and their potential to improve CRF in cancer patients and provide an example of a periodization model for exercise training in cancer.

心血管疾病和癌症是西方世界的主要原因，并且具有共同的危险因素。心肺健康（CRF）降低是心血管发病率和癌症生存的主要决定因素。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了癌症引起的实质、细胞和线粒体功能紊乱，这些紊乱限制了 CRF，并且可以通过运动训练来拮抗和减弱。我们展示了 CRF 对癌症生存的影响及其对癌症相关治疗的心脏毒性的减弱作用。尚未针对每个肿瘤实体制定量身定制的运动计划，因为在异质人群中进行了多项试验，在运动处方之前没有进行足够的心肺运动测试（CPET），并且运动方式多种多样。越来越多的证据表明，运动可能是癌症治疗的重要支柱，也是减轻心脏毒性治疗效果的工具。我们讨论了有氧运动和阻力训练的方式及其改善癌症患者 CRF 的潜力，并提供了癌症运动训练周期化模型的示例。