Background Air pollution is positively associated with some childhood cancers while greenness is inversely associated with some adult cancers. The interplay between air pollution and greenness in childhood cancer etiology is unclear. We estimated the association between early life air pollution and greenness exposure and childhood cancer in Texas (1995-2011). Methods We included 6,101 cancer cases and 109,762 controls (aged 0-16 years). We linked residential birth address to census tract annual average particulate matter ≤2.5 µg/m³ (PM2.5) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between PM2.5/NDVI interquartile range increases and cancer. We assessed statistical interaction between PM2.5 and NDVI (likelihood ratio tests). Results Increasing residential early life PM2.5 exposure was associated with all childhood cancers (OR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06-1.15), lymphoid leukemias (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07-1.23), Hodgkin lymphomas (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-1.58), non-Hodgkin lymphomas (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.51), ependymoma (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.60) and others. Increasing NDVI exposure was inversely associated with ependymoma (0-4-year-old OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58-0.97) and medulloblastoma (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.91), but positively associated with malignant melanoma (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23-2.47) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.07-2.28). There was evidence of statistical interaction between NDVI and PM2.5 (p < .04) for all cancers. Discussion Increasing early life exposure to PM2.5 increased the risk of childhood cancers. NDVI decreased risk of two cancers yet increased risk of others. These findings highlight the complexity between PM2.5 and NDVI in cancer etiology.

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PM2.5、植被密度和儿童癌症：德克萨斯州 1995-2011 年基于病例对照登记的研究

背景空气污染与一些儿童癌症呈正相关，而绿色与一些成人癌症呈负相关。空气污染和绿色在儿童癌症病因学中的相互作用尚不清楚。我们估计了德克萨斯州早期空气污染和绿色暴露与儿童癌症之间的关联（1995-2011 年）。方法 我们纳入了 6,101 名癌症病例和 109,762 名对照者（0-16 岁）。我们将居住出生地址与人口普查区年平均颗粒物≤2.5 µg/m3 (PM2.5) 和归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 联系起来。我们估计了 PM2.5/NDVI 四分位数间距增加与癌症之间的比值比 (OR) 和 95% 置信区间 (95% CI)。我们评估了 PM2.5 和 NDVI 之间的统计交互作用（似然比检验）。结果 居住早期 PM2.5 暴露增加与所有儿童癌症（OR 1.10，95% CI：1.06-1.15）、淋巴白血病（OR：1.15，95% CI：1.07-1.23）、霍奇金淋巴瘤（OR：1.27）相关，95% CI：1.02-1.58）、非霍奇金淋巴瘤（OR：1.24，95% CI：1.02-1.51）、室管膜瘤（OR：1.27，95% CI：1.01-1.60）等。NDVI 暴露增加与室管膜瘤（0-4 岁 OR：0.75，95% CI：0.58-0.97）和髓母细胞瘤（OR：0.75，95% CI：0.62-0.91）呈负相关，但与恶性黑色素瘤呈正相关（OR：1.75，95% CI：1.23-2.47）和朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症（OR：1.56，95% CI：1.07-2.28）。有证据表明，对于所有癌症，NDVI 和 PM2.5 之间存在统计交互作用 (p < .04)。讨论 生命早期接触 PM2.5 的增加会增加患儿童癌症的风险。NDVI 降低了两种癌症的风险，但增加了其他癌症的风险。这些发现凸显了 PM2.5 和 NDVI 在癌症病因学中的复杂性。