STUDY QUESTION What are parents’ perceptions of their relationships with and the psychosocial adjustments of their children who are born via embryo donation? SUMMARY ANSWER Families created through embryo donation have well-adjusted parent–child relationships and reassuring child psychosocial outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Embryo donation is an effective and growing form of third-party reproduction, but there is limited research in this field. Prior studies suggest that families created through gamete donation function well regarding parent–child relationship quality and child behavioral and socioemotional adjustment. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a cross-sectional survey study with 187 total participants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Parents of children born via embryo donation were recruited nationally by contacting all embryo donation programs registered with the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System (SART CORS) as well as medically directed embryo donation or ‘embryo adoption’ centers. Participants completed three online Qualtrics questionnaires. The first was a survey including 33 questions on demographics, the procurement process, and self-reported obstetric outcomes. Participants also completed two standardized measures assessing children’s behavior and parents’ adjustment to parenthood: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ). Scoring of the SDQ and PARQ was totaled and compared to standardized values (SDQ) or previously published results on other forms of gamete donation (PARQ), such as oocyte donation and sperm donation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE On the SDQ (n = 46), the average total difficulties scores by age were: 8.2 ± 0.98 for ages 2–4, 7.6 ± 0.93 for ages 5–10, and 3.5 ± 0.77 for ages 11–17; this is compared to the normal reported range of 0–13, which indicates that clinically significant psychosocial problems are unlikely. Across all ages and individual categories (emotional symptoms, conduct problem, hyperactivity, peer problem, prosocial), scores on the SDQ were within the normal ranges. The average PARQ score (n = 70) for all respondents was 27.5 ± 1.18 (range: 24–96), suggesting perceived parental acceptance. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Because this study was cross-sectional, it could not capture familial relationships over time. This survey-based study design allows for potential selection bias (parents of well-adjusted children may be more likely to participate). Additionally, the overall sample size is relatively small; however, it remains one of the largest published to date. Another significant limitation to this study is the lack of generalizability: most participants were recruited from private, faith-based, embryo donation programs who are demographically similar. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Though embryo donation is an established form of third-party reproduction, it is significantly less robustly studied compared to other forms of gamete donation (oocyte or sperm donation). This study provides a larger data set with a more expanded age range of children compared to the limited number of previously published studies. Furthermore, these findings indicate a high parental disclosure rate with respect to the use of embryo donation which contrasts previous findings. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding source was utilized for the completion of this study. No conflicts are disclosed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

中文翻译：

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通过胚胎捐赠出生的儿童的心理社会结果

研究问题 父母对他们与通过胚胎捐赠出生的孩子的关系和心理社会调整有何看法？摘要答案 通过胚胎捐赠创建的家庭拥有良好的亲子关系和令人放心的儿童心理社会结果。已知情况 胚胎捐赠是一种有效且不断发展的第三方生殖形式，但该领域的研究有限。先前的研究表明，通过配子捐赠创建的家庭在亲子关系质量以及儿童行为和社会情绪调整方面表现良好。研究设计、规模、持续时间 这是一项横断面调查研究，共有 187 名参与者。参与者/材料、环境、方法 通过联系在辅助生殖技术协会临床结果报告系统 (SART CORS) 注册的所有胚胎捐赠计划以及医疗指导胚胎捐赠或“胚胎收养”，在全国范围内招募通过胚胎捐赠出生的儿童的父母。 ' 中心。参与者完成了三份在线 Qualtrics 问卷。第一项是一项调查，包括 33 个问题，涉及人口统计、采购流程和自我报告的产科结果。参与者还完成了两项标准化措施，评估儿童的行为和父母对父母身份的适应：优势和困难问卷（SDQ）和父母接受-拒绝问卷（PARQ）。对 SDQ 和 PARQ 的评分进行总计，并与标准化值 (SDQ) 或之前发布的其他形式配子捐赠 (PARQ)（例如卵母细胞捐赠和精子捐赠）的结果进行比较。主要结果和机会的作用 在 SDQ (n = 46) 中，按年龄划分的平均总难度分数为：2-4 岁为 8.2 ± 0.98，5-10 岁为 7.6 ± 0.93，11 岁为 3.5 ± 0.77 –17；与正常报告的 0-13 范围相比，这表明不太可能出现临床上显着的社会心理问题。在所有年龄段和个人类别（情绪症状、行为问题、多动症、同伴问题、亲社会）中，SDQ 得分都在正常范围内。所有受访者的平均 PARQ 分数 (n = 70) 为 27.5 ± 1.18（范围：24-96），表明父母的接受程度。局限性和需要谨慎的原因 由于这项研究是横断面研究，因此无法捕捉随时间变化的家庭关系。这种基于调查的研究设计允许潜在的选择偏差（适应良好的孩子的父母可能更有可能参与）。此外，总体样本量相对较小；然而，它仍然是迄今为止最大的出版物之一。这项研究的另一个重大限制是缺乏普遍性：大多数参与者都是从私人的、基于信仰的胚胎捐赠项目中招募的，他们在人口统计学上相似。研究结果的更广泛意义 尽管胚胎捐赠是第三方生殖的一种既定形式，与其他形式的配子捐赠（卵母细胞或精子捐赠）相比，它的研究明显不够深入。与之前发表的数量有限的研究相比，这项研究提供了更大的数据集和更广泛的儿童年龄范围。此外，这些发现表明，在使用胚胎捐赠方面，父母的披露率很高，这与之前的发现形成鲜明对比。研究经费/竞争利益 本研究的完成没有利用任何外部资金来源。没有披露任何冲突。试用注册号 不适用。