Effective engineering asset management (EAM) is critical to economic development and improving livability in society, but its complexity often impedes optimal asset functionalities. Digital twins (DTs) could revolutionize the EAM paradigm by bidirectionally linking the physical and digital worlds in real time. There is great industrial and academic interest in DTs for EAM. However, previous review studies have predominately focused on technical aspects using limited life-cycle perspectives, failing to holistically synthesize DTs for EAM from the managerial point of view. Based on a systematic literature review, we introduce an analytical framework for describing DTs for EAM, which encompasses three levels or categories: DT 1.0 for technical EAM, DT 2.0 for technical−human EAM, and DT 3.0 for technical−environmental EAM. Using this framework, we identify what is known, what is unknown, and future directions at each level. DT 1.0 addresses issues of asset quality, progress, and cost management, generating technical value. It lacks multi-objective self-adaptive EAM, however, and suffers from high application cost. It is imperative to enable closed-loop EAM in order to provide various functional services with affordable DT 1.0. DT 2.0 accommodates issues of human−machine symbiosis, safety, and flexibility management, generating managerial value beyond the technical performance improvement of engineering assets. However, DT 2.0 currently lacks the automation and security of human−machine interactions and the managerial value related to humans is not prominent enough in it. Future research needs to align technical and managerial value with highly automated and secure DT 2.0. DT 3.0 covers issues of participatory governance, organization management, sustainable development, and resilience enhancement, generating macro social value. Yet it suffers from organizational fragmentation and can only address limited social governance issues. Numerous research opportunities exist to coordinate different stakeholders. Similarly, future research opportunities exist to develop DT 3.0 in a more open and complex system.

中文翻译：

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用于工程资产管理的数字孪生：综合、分析框架和未来方向

有效的工程资产管理 (EAM) 对于经济发展和提高社会宜居性至关重要，但其复杂性往往会阻碍资产功能的优化。数字孪生 (DT) 可以通过实时双向连接物理世界和数字世界来彻底改变 EAM 范式。工业界和学术界对 EAM DT 有着浓厚的兴趣。然而，之前的综述研究主要集中在技术方面，使用有限的生命周期视角，未能从管理的角度全面综合EAM的DT。基于系统的文献综述，我们引入了一个描述 EAM DT 的分析框架，它包含三个级别或类别：用于技术 EAM 的 DT 1.0、用于技术-人类 EAM 的 DT 2.0 和用于技术-环境 EAM 的 DT 3.0。使用这个框架，我们可以确定每个级别的已知内容、未知内容以及未来方向。DT 1.0解决资产质量、进度和成本管理问题，产生技术价值。但缺乏多目标自适应EAM，且应用成本较高。为了以实惠的DT 1.0提供各种功能服务，必须启用闭环EAM。DT 2.0解决了人机共生、安全性和灵活性管理问题，产生了工程资产技术性能改进之外的管理价值。但DT 2.0目前缺乏人机交互的自动化和安全性，与人相关的管理价值还不够突出。未来的研究需要将技术和管理价值与高度自动化和安全的 DT 2.0 结合起来。DT 3.0涵盖了参与式治理、组织管理、可持续发展、增强韧性等问题，产生宏观社会价值。但其组织碎片化，只能解决有限的社会治理问题。有许多研究机会可以协调不同的利益相关者。同样，未来的研究机会也存在在更加开放和复杂的系统中开发 DT 3.0 的机会。