Research on 3-dimensional (3D) printed porous zirconia-based dental implants is still in its infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the biological responses of novel zirconia implants with p-cell structures fabricated by 3D printing. The solid zirconia samples exhibited comparable density, 3-point flexural strength, and accelerated aging properties compared to specimens prepared previously by conventional methods. Cell-based experiments showed that the p-cell structure promoted cell proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenesis-related protein expression. Mechanical tests showed that both p-cell and control implants could withstand a torque of 35 Ncm without breaking. The mean maximum breaking loads of p-cell and control implants were 1,222.429 ± 115.591 N and 1,903.857 ± 250.673 N, respectively, which were much higher than the human physiological chewing force and human mean maximum occlusal force. An animal experiment showed that the bone trabeculae around the implants were significantly thicker, more numerous, and denser in the p-cell group than in the control group. This work could provide promising guidance for further exploring 3D printing techniques for porous zirconia bionic implants in dentistry.

中文翻译：

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具有 p-Cell 结构的 3D 打印氧化锆植入物的生物学特性

3D 打印多孔氧化锆基牙种植体的研究仍处于起步阶段。本研究旨在评估通过 3D 打印制造的具有 p 细胞结构的新型氧化锆植入物的生物反应。与之前通过传统方法制备的样品相比，固体氧化锆样品表现出相当的密度、三点弯曲强度和加速老化性能。基于细胞的实验表明，p-细胞结构促进细胞增殖、粘附和成骨相关蛋白的表达。机械测试表明，p 细胞和对照植入物均可承受 35 Ncm 的扭矩而不会断裂。p-cell 和对照种植体的平均最大断裂载荷分别为 1,222.429 ± 115.591 N 和 1,903.857 ± 250.673 N，远高于人类生理咀嚼力和人类平均最大咬合力。动物实验表明，p-细胞组的植入物周围的骨小梁明显比对照组更厚、更多、更致密。这项工作可以为进一步探索牙科多孔氧化锆仿生种植体的 3D 打印技术提供有希望的指导。