Preventing the development and recurrence of periodontal diseases often includes antimicrobial mouthrinses to control the growth of the periodontal pathogens. Most antimicrobials are nonselective, targeting the symbiotic oral species as well as the dysbiosis-inducing ones. This affects the overall microbial composition and metabolic activity and consequently the host–microbe interactions, which can be detrimental (associated with inflammation) or beneficial (health-associated). Consequently, guiding the antimicrobial effect for modulating the microbial composition to a health-associated one should be considered. For such an approach, this study investigated electrolyzed saline as a novel rinse. Electrolyzed saline was prepared from sterile saline using a portable electrolysis device. Multispecies oral homeostatic and dysbiotic biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs and rinsed daily with electrolyzed saline (EOS). Corresponding positive (NaOCl) and negative (phosphate-buffered saline) controls were included. After 3 rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography) through measuring organic acid content. In addition, human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were exposed to EOS to test biocompatibility (cytotoxicity and inflammation induction) and also to rinsed biofilms to assess their immunogenicity after rinsing. Rinsing the dysbiotic biofilms with EOS could reduce the counts of the pathobionts (>3 log10 Geq/mm2 reduction) and avert biofilm dysbiosis (≤1% pathobiont abundance), leading to the dominance of commensal species (≥99%), which altered both biofilm metabolism and interleukin 8 (IL-8) induction in HOKs. EOS had no harmful effects on homeostatic biofilms. The scanning electron micrographs confirmed the same. In addition, tested concentrations of EOS did not have any cytotoxic effects and did not induce IL-8 production in HOKs. EOS showed promising results for diverting dysbiosis in in vitro rinsed biofilms and controlling key periopathogens, with no toxic effects on commensal species or human cells. This novel rinsing should be considered for clinical applications.

中文翻译：

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电解盐水在体外靶向生物膜牙周病原体

预防牙周病的发生和复发通常包括使用抗菌漱口水来控制牙周病原体的生长。大多数抗菌药物都是非选择性的，针对共生口腔物种以及引起菌群失调的物种。这会影响整体微生物组成和代谢活动，从而影响宿主与微生物的相互作用，这可能是有害的（与炎症相关）或有益的（与健康相关）。因此，应考虑引导抗菌作用，将微生物组成调节至与健康相关的组成。对于这种方法，本研究研究了电解盐水作为一种新型冲洗剂。使用便携式电解装置从无菌盐水中制备电解盐水。多物种口腔稳态和生态失调生物膜在羟基磷灰石盘上生长，并每天用电解盐水（EOS）冲洗。包括相应的阳性（NaOCl）和阴性（磷酸盐缓冲盐水）对照。3次漂洗后，使用定量聚合酶链式反应和扫描电子显微镜分析生物膜。通过测量有机酸含量，将漂洗的生物膜上清液用于代谢活性分析（高效液相色谱）。此外，将人口腔角质形成细胞 (HOK) 暴露于 EOS 中以测试生物相容性（细胞毒性和炎症诱导），并暴露于冲洗的生物膜中以评估其冲洗后的免疫原性。用 EOS 冲洗失调的生物膜可以减少病原体的数量（>3 log10吉当量/毫米2减少）并避免生物膜失调（≤1% 致病生物丰度），导致共生物种占主导地位（≥99%），从而改变 HOK 中的生物膜代谢和白细胞介素 8 (IL-8) 诱导。EOS 对稳态生物膜没有有害影响。扫描电子显微照片证实了同样的情况。此外，测试浓度的 EOS 没有任何细胞毒性作用，并且不会诱导 HOK 中 IL-8 的产生。EOS 在转移体外冲洗生物膜的生态失调和控制关键周围病原体方面显示出有希望的结果，并且对共生物种或人类细胞没有毒性作用。这种新颖的冲洗应考虑用于临床应用。