Trade‐offs between current and future reproduction manifest as a set of co‐varying life history and metabolic traits, collectively referred to as ‘pace of life’ (POL). Seasonal migration modulates environmental dynamics and putatively affects POL, however, the mechanisms by which migratory behaviour shapes POL remain unclear. We explored how migratory behaviour interacts with environmental and metabolic dynamics to shape POL. Using an individual‐based model of movement and metabolism, we compared fitness‐optimized trade‐offs among migration strategies. We found annual experienced seasonality modulated by migratory movements and distance between end‐points primarily drove POL differentiation through developmental and migration phenology trade‐offs. Similarly, our analysis of empirically estimated metabolic data from 265 bird species suggested seasonal niche tracking and migration distance interact to drive POL. We show multiple viable life‐history strategies are conducive to a migratory lifestyle. Overall, our findings suggest metabolism mediates complex interactions between behaviour, environment and life history.

中文翻译：

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季节性迁徙改变能量权衡优化并塑造生活史

当前和未来繁殖之间的权衡表现为一组共同变化的生命史和代谢特征，统称为“生命节奏”（POL）。季节性迁徙调节环境动态并可能影响 POL，然而，迁徙行为塑造 POL 的机制仍不清楚。我们探索了迁徙行为如何与环境和代谢动态相互作用来塑造 POL。使用基于个体的运动和新陈代谢模型，我们比较了迁移策略之间的适应度优化权衡。我们发现每年经历的季节性由迁徙运动和端点之间的距离调节，主要通过发育和迁徙物候学权衡来驱动 POL 分化。同样，我们对 265 种鸟类的经验估计代谢数据的分析表明，季节性生态位跟踪和迁徙距离相互作用，驱动 POL。我们证明多种可行的生活史策略有利于迁徙生活方式。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明新陈代谢介导行为、环境和生活史之间复杂的相互作用。