Plants have evolved a multi-layered immune system to fight off pathogens. However, immune activation is costly and is often associated with growth and development penalty. In crops, yield is the main breeding target and is usually affected by high disease resistance. Therefore, proper balance between growth and defence is critical for achieving efficient crop improvement. This review highlights recent advances in attempts designed to alleviate the trade-offs between growth and disease resistance in crops mediated by resistance (R) genes, susceptibility (S) genes and pleiotropic genes. We also provide an update on strategies for optimizing the growth–defence trade-offs to breed future crops with desirable disease resistance and high yield.

中文翻译：

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重新审视农作物的生长-防御权衡和育种策略

植物已经进化出多层免疫系统来抵抗病原体。然而，免疫激活成本高昂，并且通常与生长和发育障碍相关。在农作物中，产量是主要育种目标，通常受到高抗病性的影响。因此，生长和防御之间的适当平衡对于实现高效作物改良至关重要。这篇综述重点介绍了旨在减轻由抗性（ R）基因、易感性（S）基因和多效性基因介导的作物生长和抗病性之间权衡的尝试的最新进展。我们还提供了优化生长与防御权衡的策略的最新信息，以培育具有理想抗病性和高产的未来作物。