RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) accompany RNA from synthesis to decay, mediating every aspect of RNA metabolism and impacting diverse cellular and developmental processes in eukaryotes. Many RBPs undergo phase separation along with their bound RNA to form and function in dynamic membraneless biomolecular condensates for spatiotemporal coordination or regulation of RNA metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that phase-separating RBPs with RNA-binding domains and intrinsically disordered regions play important roles in plant development and stress adaptation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about how dynamic partitioning of RBPs into condensates controls plant development and enables sensing of experimental changes to confer growth plasticity under stress conditions, with a focus on the dynamics and functional mechanisms of RBP-rich nuclear condensates and cytoplasmic granules in mediating RNA metabolism. We also discuss roles of multiple factors, such as environmental signals, protein modifications, and -methyladenosine RNA methylation, in modulating the phase separation behaviors of RBPs, and highlight the prospects and challenges for future research on phase-separating RBPs in crops.

中文翻译：

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植物 RNA 结合蛋白：植物发育和胁迫反应的相分离动力学和功能机制

RNA 结合蛋白 (RBP) 伴随着 RNA 从合成到衰变，介导 RNA 代谢的各个方面，并影响真核生物的多种细胞和发育过程。许多 RBP 与其结合的 RNA 一起经历相分离，形成动态无膜生物分子凝聚体并发挥作用，从而实现 RNA 代谢的时空协调或调节。越来越多的证据表明，具有 RNA 结合域和本质无序区域的相分离 RBP 在植物发育和逆境适应中发挥着重要作用。在这里，我们总结了有关 RBP 动态分配为凝结物如何控制植物发育并能够感知实验变化以赋予逆境条件下生长可塑性的知识，重点是富含 RBP 的核凝结物和细胞质颗粒的动力学和功能机制介导RNA代谢。我们还讨论了环境信号、蛋白质修饰和甲基腺苷 RNA 甲基化等多种因素在调节 RBP 相分离行为中的作用，并强调了作物中相分离 RBP 未来研究的前景和挑战。