Trade-off analysis (TOA) is central to policy and decision-making aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural landscapes. Yet, a generic methodological framework to assess trade-offs in agriculture is absent, largely due to the wide range of research disciplines and objectives for which TOA is used. In this study, we systematically reviewed 119 studies that have implemented TOAs in landscapes and regions dominated by agricultural systems around the world. Our results highlight that TOAs tend to be unbalanced, with a strong emphasis on productivity rather than environmental and socio-cultural services. TOAs have mostly been performed at farm or regional scales, rarely considering multiple spatial scales simultaneously. Mostly, TOAs fail to include stakeholders at study development stage, disregard recommendation uncertainty due to outcome variability and overlook risks associated with the TOA outcomes. Increased attention to these aspects is critical for TOAs to guide agricultural landscapes towards sustainability.

权衡分析 (TOA) 是旨在促进可持续农业景观的政策和决策的核心。然而，缺乏评估农业权衡的通用方法框架，这主要是由于 TOA 所使用的研究学科和目标范围广泛。在这项研究中，我们系统地回顾了 119 项在世界各地以农业系统为主的景观和地区实施 TOA 的研究。我们的结果强调，TOA 往往是不平衡的，重点强调生产力而不是环境和社会文化服务。TOA 大多在农场或区域尺度上进行，很少同时考虑多个空间尺度。大多数情况下，TOA 未能将利益相关者纳入研究开发阶段，忽视由于结果可变性而导致的推荐不确定性，并忽视与 TOA 结果相关的风险。对这些方面的更多关注对于 TOA 引导农业景观走向可持续发展至关重要。