Every year, millions of immigrants arrive in countries that play multiple roles: they expel them, receive them, or shelter them. Sometimes, citizens welcome immigrants with open arms. Other times, they perceive them as potential criminals. Surprisingly, there is little research on the determinants of criminalization in multi-role countries. In this article, we analyze the results from a nationally representative survey experiment where we investigate how two sources of variation (the skin tone and national origin of others) bias citizens’ willingness to blame suspects for crime. We find that individuals criminalize suspects more when they have a darker skin tone and, against expectations, less when they come from El Salvador. Moreover, in exploratory analyses, we find that coloristic bias is exacerbated among individuals with lower levels of education and, surprisingly, among those with a darker skin tone. Also interesting is that we found that, against contact theory, anti-American bias is stronger among Mexicans with direct or indirect cross-national contact. Our results highlight the various degrees to which migratory contexts influence public opinion.

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为什么公民将移民定为犯罪？来自多角色国家墨西哥的实验证据

每年，数以百万计的移民抵达扮演多重角色的国家：驱逐他们、接收他们或庇护他们。有时，公民张​​开双臂欢迎移民。其他时候，他们认为他们是潜在的罪犯。令人惊讶的是，关于多角色国家定罪的决定因素的研究很少。在本文中，我们分析了一项具有全国代表性的调查实验的结果，其中我们调查了两种变异来源（他人的肤色和国籍）如何影响公民将犯罪归咎于犯罪嫌疑人的意愿。我们发现，当犯罪嫌疑人肤色较深时，个人对犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪率更高，而与预期相反，当犯罪嫌疑人来自萨尔瓦多时，个人对犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪率则较低。此外，在探索性分析中，我们发现受教育程度较低的人，尤其是肤色较深的人，肤色偏见会加剧。同样有趣的是，我们发现，与接触理论相反，在有直接或间接跨国接触的墨西哥人中，反美偏见更为强烈。我们的结果凸显了移民背景对公众舆论的不同程度的影响。