Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIPs) have garnered significant scientific interest due to their magnetic properties and unique features, including low toxicity, colloidal stability, and surface engineering capability. Recent advances in nanoparticle synthesis have enabled the development of MIPs with precise control over their physicochemical properties, making them suitable for medical applications. Anisotropic MIPs have demonstrated shape-dependent performance in various bio-applications, leading to increased research moving from traditional zero-dimensional (0D) morphology towards one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) topology. While these anisotropic materials offer enhanced properties for specific applications, a critical and systematic comparison of their anisotropy effects is lacking in the literature. This review seeks to fill this current gap in the literature and provides a comprehensive summary of the last two decades of research on magnetic iron oxide materials with different shapes in biomedical applications. The paper will discuss the theoretical mechanisms of shape-dependent effects, primary synthetic approaches of 0D, 1D, and 2D MIP materials, biomedical applications, and biological behaviors. In addition, the review identifies critical challenges and open questions that need to be addressed. The proposed research directions outlined in this review have the potential to revitalize the use of “old” MIPs towards future physicochemical and biomedical applications.

中文翻译：

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从0D到2D：各向异性磁性氧化铁纳米材料的合成及生物应用

磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒 (MIP) 因其磁性和独特的功能（包括低毒性、胶体稳定性和表面工程能力）而引起了极大的科学兴趣。纳米颗粒合成的最新进展使得 MIP 的开发能够精确控制其理化性质，使其适合医疗应用。各向异性 MIP 在各种生物应用中表现出了形状依赖性的性能，导致越来越多的研究从传统的零维 (0D) 形态转向一维 (1D) 和二维 (2D) 拓扑。虽然这些各向异性材料为特定应用提供了增强的性能，但文献中缺乏对其各向异性效应的批判性和系统性比较。本综述旨在填补目前文献中的这一空白，并全面总结了过去二十年在生物医学应用中不同形状的磁性氧化铁材料的研究。本文将讨论形状相关效应的理论机制、0D、1D 和 2D MIP 材料的主要合成方法、生物医学应用和生物学行为。此外，审查还确定了需要解决的关键挑战和悬而未决的问题。本综述中概述的拟议研究方向有可能重振“旧”MIP 在未来物理化学和生物医学应用中的使用。