The structure of catalysts determines the performance of catalytic processes. Intrinsically, the electronic and geometric structures influence the interaction between active species and the surface of the catalyst, which subsequently regulates the adsorption, reaction, and desorption behaviors. In recent decades, the development of catalysts with complex structures, including bulk, interfacial, encapsulated, and atomically dispersed structures, can potentially affect the electronic and geometric structures of catalysts and lead to further control of the transport and reaction of molecules. This review describes comprehensive understandings on the influence of electronic and geometric properties and complex catalyst structures on the performance of relevant heterogeneous catalytic processes, especially for the transport and reaction over structured catalysts for the conversions of light alkanes and small molecules. The recent research progress of the electronic and geometric properties over the active sites, specifically for theoretical descriptors developed in the recent decades, is discussed at the atomic level. The designs and properties of catalysts with specific structures are summarized. The transport phenomena and reactions over structured catalysts for the conversions of light alkanes and small molecules are analyzed. At the end of this review, we present our perspectives on the challenges for the further development of structured catalysts and heterogeneous catalytic processes.

中文翻译：

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结构化催化剂和催化过程：传输和反应视角

催化剂的结构决定催化过程的性能。从本质上讲，电子和几何结构影响活性物质与催化剂表面之间的相互作用，从而调节吸附、反应和解吸行为。近几十年来，具有复杂结构（包括本体、界面、封装和原子分散结构）的催化剂的发展可能会影响催化剂的电子和几何结构，并进一步控制分子的传输和反应。这篇综述描述了对电子和几何性质以及复杂催化剂结构对相关多相催化过程性能影响的全面理解，特别是对于轻质烷烃和小分子转化的结构催化剂上的传输和反应。在原子水平上讨论了活性位点的电子和几何性质的最新研究进展，特别是近几十年来发展的理论描述符。总结了特定结构催化剂的设计和性能。分析了轻质烷烃和小分子转化的结构化催化剂上的传输现象和反应。在本次综述的最后，我们提出了对结构催化剂和多相催化过程进一步发展所面临的挑战的看法。