Interpersonal Violence (IV) against children in sports is a prevalent problem and has a major impact on their well-being. However, the causal relationship and the costs for society remain unclear. The aim of this study is to estimate the causal effect of severe IV in sports on Subjective Well-Being (SWB) and to monetize the collective loss for society. The study used survey data from 4003 respondents in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). The questionnaire included current SWB as well as 41 items to assess experiences with psychological, physical and sexual IV in sports before the age of 18. Severity was quantified by experts and reported frequency. By using the number of sports that someone participated in during their youth as an instrumental variable to control for confounding, the study estimates the causal effect of severe IV on SWB. The Three-Stage Well-Being Valuation Approach was used to monetize the loss in SWB in terms of income compensation. The results show that experiencing severe IV in sports results in significant lower SWB levels (b = −0.45, p < .01). The lower SWB is comparable to an annual loss of income of 9672 euro per person. We have found evidence for a causal effect of severe IV in childhood on the SWB later in life. The results highlight the long-term, extensive impact of experiencing severe IV in sports that exceeds direct physical and psychological health outcomes.

中文翻译：

---

体育运动中针对儿童的严重人际暴力对主观幸福感的因果影响的估计和货币化

体育运动中针对儿童的人际暴力（IV）是一个普遍存在的问题，对他们的福祉产生重大影响。然而，因果关系和社会成本仍不清楚。本研究的目的是评估体育运动中严重IV对主观幸福感（SWB）的因果影响，并将社会的集体损失货币化。该研究使用了荷兰和佛兰德斯（比利时）4003 名受访者的调查数据。调查问卷包括当前的SWB以及41个项目来评估18岁之前在运动中的心理、身体和性IV经历。严重程度由专家量化并报告频率。通过使用某人在年轻时参加的运动次数作为控制混杂因素的工具变量，该研究估计了严重 IV 对 SWB 的因果影响。三阶段福利评估法用于将 SWB 的损失货币化为收入补偿。结果表明，在运动中经历严重的 IV 会导致 SWB 水平显着降低 (b = -0.45，p < .01)。较低的 SWB 相当于每人每年 9672 欧元的收入损失。我们发现了证据表明童年时期严重静脉注射对以后生活中的主观幸福感有因果影响。结果强调了在运动中经历严重静脉注射所产生的长期、广泛的影响，其影响超出了直接的身体和心理健康结果。