Living organisms in nature have undergone continuous evolution over billions of years, resulting in the formation of high-performance fracture-resistant biomineralized tissues such as bones and teeth to fulfill mechanical and biological functions, despite the fact that most inorganic biominerals that constitute biomineralized tissues are weak and brittle. During the long-period evolution process, nature has evolved a number of highly effective and smart strategies to design chemical compositions and structures of biomineralized tissues to enable superior properties and to adapt to surrounding environments. Most biomineralized tissues have hierarchically ordered structures consisting of very small building blocks on the nanometer scale (nanoparticles, nanofibers or nanoflakes) to reduce the inherent weaknesses and brittleness of corresponding inorganic biominerals, to prevent crack initiation and propagation, and to allow high defect tolerance. The bioinspired principles derived from biomineralized tissues are indispensable for designing and constructing high-performance biomimetic materials. In recent years, a large number of high-performance biomimetic materials have been prepared based on these bioinspired principles with a large volume of literature covering this topic. Therefore, a timely and comprehensive review on this hot topic is highly important and contributes to the future development of this rapidly evolving research field. This review article aims to be comprehensive, authoritative, and critical with wide general interest to the science community, summarizing recent advances in revealing the formation processes, composition, and structures of biomineralized tissues, providing in-depth insights into guidelines derived from biomineralized tissues for the design and construction of high-performance biomimetic materials, and discussing recent progress, current research trends, key problems, future main research directions and challenges, and future perspectives in this exciting and rapidly evolving research field.

中文翻译：

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来自生物矿化组织的高性能仿生材料设计和构建指南：从弱到强

自然界中的生物体经过数十亿年的不断进化，形成了骨骼、牙齿等高性能抗断裂生物矿化组织，以实现机械和生物功能，尽管构成生物矿化组织的大多数无机生物矿物是脆弱易碎。在长期的进化过程中，大自然进化出了许多高效、智能的策略来设计生物矿化组织的化学成分和结构，使其具有优异的性能并适应周围环境。大多数生物矿化组织具有由纳米级非常小的构建块（纳米颗粒、纳米纤维或纳米薄片）组成的分层有序结构，以减少相应无机生物矿物固有的弱点和脆性，防止裂纹萌生和扩展，并允许高缺陷容限。来自生物矿化组织的仿生原理对于设计和构建高性能仿生材料是必不可少的。近年来，基于这些仿生原理制备了大量高性能仿生材料，并有大量文献涉及该主题。因此，及时、全面地回顾这一热点话题非常重要，有助于这一快速发展的研究领域的未来发展。这篇综述文章旨在全面、权威、批判性地引起科学界的普遍兴趣，总结了揭示生物矿化组织的形成过程、组成和结构的最新进展，为生物矿化组织的指导方针提供了深入的见解。高性能仿生材料的设计和构建，并讨论这个令人兴奋且快速发展的研究领域的最新进展、当前研究趋势、关键问题、未来主要研究方向和挑战以及未来前景。